Questions Below Refer To The Following Passage. Early mariners gradually developed ways of observing and recording in their journals their position, the distances and directions they traveled, the (5) currents of wind and water, and the hazards and havens they encountered. The information in these journals enabled them to find their way home and, for them or their successors, to repeat and (10) extend the recorded voyages. Each new observation could be added to an ever increasing body of reliable information. Ship captains and navigators were not concerned about running into... Show more Questions Below Refer To The Following Passage. Early mariners gradually developed ways of observing and recording in their journals their position, the distances and directions they traveled, the (5) currents of wind and water, and the hazards and havens they encountered. The information in these journals enabled them to find their way home and, for them or their successors, to repeat and (10) extend the recorded voyages. Each new observation could be added to an ever increasing body of reliable information. Ship captains and navigators were not concerned about running into other (15) vessels, but as heavy traffic developed along shipping routes, avoiding such collisions became a serious matter. In all fields of navigation, keeping a safe distance between ships moving in (20)different directions at different speeds became as important as knowing how to reach one’s destination. The larger the ship, the easier it is to see, but the larger a ship, the more time (25) it requires to change its speed or direction. When many ships are in a small area, an action taken by one ship to avoid colliding with another might endanger a third. In busy seaports, such as (30) Hamburg and New York, this problem has been solved by assigning incoming and outgoing ships to separate lanes, which are clearly marked and divided by the greatest practical distance. (35) The speed of jet airplanes makes collision a deadly possibility. Even if two pilots see one another in time to begin evasive action, their maneuvers may be useless (40) if either pilot incorrectly predicts the other’s move. Ground-based air traffic controllers assign aircraft to flight paths that keep airplanes a safe distance from one another. When steam engines began to (45) replace sails during the first half of the nineteenth century, a ship’s navigator had to compute fuel consumption as well as course and location. Today, in airplanes as well as in ships, large amounts of fuel, (50)needed for long trips, reduce the cargo capacity, and economy requires that its consumption be kept to a minimum. In modern air and sea navigation, a schedule has to be met. (55)A single voyage or flight is only one link in a complicated and coordinated transportation network that carries goods and people from any starting place to any chosen destination. (60) Modern navigation selects a ship’s course, avoids collision with other moving ships, minimizes fuel consumption, and follows an established timetable. Show less
Questions Below Refer To The Following Passage. Early mariners gradually developed ways of observing and recording in their journals their position, the distances and directions they traveled, the (5) currents of wind and water, and the hazards and havens they encountered. The information in these journals enabled them to find their way home and, for them or their successors, to repeat and (10) extend the recorded voyages. Each new observation could be added to an ever increasing body of reliable information. Ship captains and navigators were not concerned about running into other (15) vessels, but as heavy traffic developed along shipping routes, avoiding such collisions became a serious matter. In all fields of navigation, keeping a safe distance between ships moving in (20)different directions at different speeds became as important as knowing how to reach one’s destination. The larger the ship, the easier it is to see, but the larger a ship, the more time (25) it requires to change its speed or direction. When many ships are in a small area, an action taken by one ship to avoid colliding with another might endanger a third. In busy seaports, such as (30) Hamburg and New York, this problem has been solved by assigning incoming and outgoing ships to separate lanes, which are clearly marked and divided by the greatest practical distance. (35) The speed of jet airplanes makes collision a deadly possibility. Even if two pilots see one another in time to begin evasive action, their maneuvers may be useless (40) if either pilot incorrectly predicts the other’s move. Ground-based air traffic controllers assign aircraft to flight paths that keep airplanes a safe distance from one another. When steam engines began to (45) replace sails during the first half of the nineteenth century, a ship’s navigator had to compute fuel consumption as well as course and location. Today, in airplanes as well as in ships, large amounts of fuel, (50)needed for long trips, reduce the cargo capacity, and economy requires that its consumption be kept to a minimum. In modern air and sea navigation, a schedule has to be met. (55)A single voyage or flight is only one link in a complicated and coordinated transportation network that carries goods and people from any starting place to any chosen destination. (60) Modern navigation selects a ship’s course, avoids collision with other moving ships, minimizes fuel consumption, and follows an established timetable.
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