1.
(brown color) is a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of UV radiation from the sun; formation of this smog begins when exhaust from morning commuter vehicles releases large amounts of NO and VOCs into the air over a city

• VOCs + NOx + heat + sunlight → ground level ozone (03) + other photochemical oxidants + aldehydes + other secondary pollutants

2.
large-scale weather phenomenon occurs every few years when prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific Ocean weaken and change direction
o Above-average warming of Pacific waters affects populations of marine species by changing the distribution of plant nutrients, hurting fishing industry
o Low nutrients, low dissolved oxygen (in South America, but in Australia during La Niña)
o Severe flooding, storms, drought, mudslides, $ damage, human health hazards (dehydration, diarrhea, zoonotic diseases [lyme, Hanta])

3. • Aquifer depletion from overpumping
• Sinking of land (subsidence) from overpumping
• Aquifers polluted for decades or centuries
• Saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies near coastal areas
• Reduced water flows into surface waters
• Increased cost & contamination from deeper wells

4.
a rich dark brown

5.
-bottoms of oceans
-no sunlight, therefore no plant life
-primary input of energy comes from dead organic matter settling and chemosynthesis

6.
uses pumps to spray water on a crop; results in a series of circular irrigated areas; 80% of water reaches crops

7. is the primary way energy is transferred from hotter to colder regions in the Earth's atmosphere and determines weather patterns

8. • Urban buildings can slow wind speed and reduce dilution and removal of pollutants
• Hills and mountains can reduce the flow of air in valleys and allow pollutant levels to build up at ground level
• High temperatures promote the chemical reactions leading to photochemical smog formation (global warming increases smog!)
• Emissions of VOCs from certain trees and plants (e.g. oak, sweet gums, poplars, and kudzu) can play a large role in photochemical smog formation
• Grasshopper effect
• Temperature inversions

9. • Tectonic plates- locations of continents and oceanic basins greatly influence the earth's climate and movement of continents spread animals to new places (new resources)
• Earthquakes- disruptions in earth's crust that can isolate species
• Volcanic eruptions- can reduce or wipe out populations
• Natural catastrophes

10.
Zone of leaching: dissolved and suspended materials move downward. In-between A and B horizon.

11.
-temperature increases with altitude due to absorption of heat by ozone
-ozone is produced by UV radiation and lightning
-contains the ozone layer

12.
occurs when the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, falls by 10% or more because of a combination of prolonged drought and human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil

13.
• sunlit surface away from shore that extends the depth sunlight penetration
• the main photosynthetic body of the lake
• produces the food and oxygen that support most of the lake's consumers

14.
Subsoil: tends to be yellowish in color due to the accumulation of Fe, Al, humic compounds, and clay leached down from A and E horizons. Can be rich in nutrients in areas with lots of rainwater.

15. • low, narrow, sandy islands that form offshore, parallel to some coastlines
• generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes (protection)

16.
• is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge
• Pros: amble water for irrigation; availability of nearby rivers for transportation; flat land suitable for crops; include highly productive wetlands; help to provide natural flood and erosion control; maintain high water quality; recharge groundwater; fertile soil
• Cons: floods kill people; damage to property

17. occurs when individuals in a small population mate with one another

18. The rock and minerals from which the soil derives. Nature of parent rock can be native to the area or transported by wind, water, glaciers, etc.

19. • Useful for drinking and irrigation
• Available year-round
• Exists almost everywhere
• Renewable if not overpumped or contaminated
• No evaporation losses
• Cheaper to extract than most surface waters

20.
-Earth's rotation (once every 24 hours)
-tilt of Earth's axis (23.5 degrees)
-revolution around the sun (once per year)
-closest to sun in winter, furthest in summer

21.
cattle are confined by portable fencing to one area for a short time and then moved to a new location

22.
method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters; MOST efficient method because least evaporation; 90-95% of water reaches the crops

23. the amount of surface runoff that we can generally count on as a source of freshwater from year to year

24.
Caused by friction and stress buildup from the sliding plates, a common feature along transform boundaries.

e.g. Haiti Earthquake 2010

25.
Surface litter: leaves and partially decomposed organic debris. Thick in deciduous forests, thin in the tundra.