Assertion (A): The essence of joint liability under section 149 of the IPC is that the criminal act must have been done with a view to fulfill the common object of an unlawful assembly. Reason (R): Any sudden and provocative act done by a member of an unlawful assembly would render the other members of that assembly liable:

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is a criminal code that defines crimes and their punishments. It was adopted in 1862 and applied to British India, except for princely states. After India's independence, the government adopted the IPC as the country's criminal code. In December 2023, the IPC was replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita.  The IPC is one of the four pillars of India's judicial system, along with the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Indian Evidence Act. The IPC defines civil law rights and responsibilities, and outlines the process for resolving civil disputes.  The IPC is divided... Show more

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is a criminal code that defines crimes and their punishments. It was adopted in 1862 and applied to British India, except for princely states. After India's independence, the government adopted the IPC as the country's criminal code. In December 2023, the IPC was replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. 

The IPC is one of the four pillars of India's judicial system, along with the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Indian Evidence Act. The IPC defines civil law rights and responsibilities, and outlines the process for resolving civil disputes. 
The IPC is divided into 23 chapters and 511 sections. It covers all people of Indian origin, except for the military and other armed forces. 
The IPC was based on the English law, and also borrowed elements from the Napoleonic Code and the Louisiana Civil Code of 1825.
 

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