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Botany Review 2

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Botany Review 2

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1. kingdom fungi

* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)Prokaryotic cells
( smaller, lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles)
- Morphology: unicellular to simple colonies in aquatic environment
- Mode of nutrition: outotropic w/ pigments chloropyll A and phycobilins
- cell walls - peptidoglycan
- reproduce a sexually by binary fission
- importance: primary producers, nitrogen fixation, potential as biofuels, ancestors to chloroplast.

2. RAM
( root apical meristem )

Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Prokaryotic cells
( smaller, lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles)
- Morphology: unicellular to simple colonies in aquatic environment
- Mode of nutrition: outotropic w/ pigments chloropyll A and phycobilins
- cell walls - peptidoglycan
- reproduce a sexually by binary fission
- importance: primary producers, nitrogen fixation, potential as biofuels, ancestors to chloroplast.

3. Seed free vascular plants

Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Prokaryotic cells
( smaller, lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles)
- Morphology: unicellular to simple colonies in aquatic environment
- Mode of nutrition: outotropic w/ pigments chloropyll A and phycobilins
- cell walls - peptidoglycan
- reproduce a sexually by binary fission
- importance: primary producers, nitrogen fixation, potential as biofuels, ancestors to chloroplast.* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue

4. Phylum Cyanobacteria
Blue- green algae

* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueProkaryotic cells
( smaller, lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles)
- Morphology: unicellular to simple colonies in aquatic environment
- Mode of nutrition: outotropic w/ pigments chloropyll A and phycobilins
- cell walls - peptidoglycan
- reproduce a sexually by binary fission
- importance: primary producers, nitrogen fixation, potential as biofuels, ancestors to chloroplast.Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)

5. Phylum Basidiomycota

Importance: Decomposers,ectomycorrizae,edibles,poisonous, smutt's and ruts ( plant pathogens)
Basidiocarp= Fruiting Body
Septate hyphae, dolipore septum
zygotic meiosis L.C. true conjunction w/ very long delay between plasmogamy and laryogamy
persistent n+n mycelium
clamp connections ensure that the right kind and numbers of nuclei end up in dividing cellsIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue

6. Matrotrophy

young sporophyte is nourished and protect by female gametophyte* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)

7. 2 Multicellular phases

Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)Sporophyte: 2n multicellular phase that goes true meiosis to produce spore | Gametophyte: n multicellular phases that go true mitosis to produce gametesIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue

8. Derived

9. Kingdom Plantae

Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueMorphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)includes 4 groups: Bryophytes, seed-free vascular plants, gymnosperms & angiosperm
autotrophic
Complex multicellular- adaptations to terrestrial life
sporic meiosis L.C
- heteromorphic phases, sporophytes and gametophytes look different
- oogamy- egg is larger and non- motile
- multicellular gametangia
- matrotrophy
- sporopollerin coats spores

10. Microstrobilus/ pollen cone

* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue* male cone where microspores are produced and releasedMorphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)

11. kingdom fungi

Mode of nutrition: Heterotrophs by absorption* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)

12. Plastids ( leucoplasts)

Naturally colorless - fxns - starch storage, others make oilMorphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue

13. Polyphyletic

a taxonomic group from 2 or more ancestral sources* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)

14. CLADODE + TRAP

ex. fanged pitcher, venus fly trap
( flattened stem for photosynthesis, carnivorous part of leaf)Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)

15. Stipules

- paired leaf appendages found at the base of the petioleMorphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue

16. Gymnosperm

Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissuenaked seeds: includes 4 phyla | coniferphyta , ginkgophyta,cycadophyta,gnetophyta | secondary growth - allowed them to grow taller | xerophytic leaves- adapted to retain h20

17. Modified roots

adventitious rootsIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)

18. seed plants = gymnosperms and angiosperm

* seed as dispersal unit, contain food and protection
* heterosporous,megaspore and megagametophyte retention
* endosporic gametophytes- develop w/ in the megaspore/ microspore wall
* pollination-pollen grain delivers spermMorphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)

19. Meiosis

Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissuetwo sets of divisions
- 1 (2n) parent cell that divides 4 (n) daughter cells that divides 4n daughter cellsMorphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)

20. Order Equisetales ( horsetails/ scoring bushes)

Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissuesporophyte morphology - photosymthesis,jointed,hollow,striated stems w/ whorls of scale like leaves , underground rhizome - spores in stabilus - homosporous

21. Ovelute cones/ seed cones

22. compound leaf

Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)

- blade is divided into leaflets pinnately compound leaf* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissueIncludes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)

23. Phylum Glaucophyta

Includes 2 pyla, lycopodiophyta + preridophyta
sperm that swims thru H2O for fertilization
spores as dispersal unit ( what establishes new popular horns)
lignified vascular tissue - taller than bryophytes
sporophyte dominates the life cycle
sporophytes branch ( moss and fern)Morphology: My celium ( mass of filaments called hyphae)Part of protista - Merphology: unicellular, flagellate organisms w/ out a cell wall - mode of nutrition - autotrophic w/ cyanelles (photosynthetic organelle) w/ peptidoglycan remnants bet layers of membrane
w/ pigments: chlorophyl A and phycobilins* divides off cells in 2 directions
Exterior cells = root cap
interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues
1. protoderm > epidermis
2. ground meristem > ground tissue
3. procambium > vascular tissue

24. Taxon

25. Are sexual reproductive structures present ?

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson© 2026 Fatskills.com

All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com