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Cardiovascular Core Concepts
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Cardiovascular Core Concepts
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25 Questions

1. Transmit action potentials fast (through intercalated disks), synthesize more ATP (because of a large number of mitochondria), and have readier access to ions in the interstitum because of an (abundance of transverse tubules). These factors enable the myocardium to work constantly.

2. In a ___________________ deoxygenated blood is mixed with oxygenated blood. The SaO2 on the left side of the heart drops from ______________________. The development of cyanosis is dependent on how low the SaO2 is on the left side of the heart.

3. _______________ is the most common cyanotic CHD.

4. Block the effects of the catecholamines

5. This age-related event is associated with the onset of hypertension and increases the risk for cardiovascular events, dementia and death.

6. Right to left sided shunt: If the SaO2 remains at ________________ cyanosis is not likely to develop because the shunting is minimal.

7. _____________ indicate necrosis, dead cells which cannot depolarize.

8. ______ are responsible for returning fat to the liver.

9. The greater the tension the _________ the contraction.

10. They will have a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur. They are at an increased risk of developing an embolus.

11. ______ are responsible for delivering cholesterol to the tissues.

12. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, hemoptysis, atrial enlargement, JVD, atrial fibrillation, dysphagia, and pulmonary hypertension. Individuals will have a diastolic murmur best heard at the cardiac apex which radiates to the left axilla.

13. ______________ decreases insulin secretion and hyperglycemia occurs. This can be seen by 72 hours post MI and is associated with increased mortality.

14. Effects of aging on Heart Rate

15. leads to the further pathological deterioration of the myocytes

16. Do beta blockers increase or decrease contraction?

17. It is this plaque which can rupture and cause a heart attack.

18. Do Diltiazem & Verapamil increase or decrease contraction?

19. __________ are given to patients with HFrEF to block the effects of catecholamines on the heart.

20. The __________________ lays directly over the heart and contains the coronary arteries.

21. Factors which decrease cardiac contraction?

22. When administered at low doses it predominantly stimulates the ________________ 1 receptors and causes vasodilation. When moderate doses are administered it stimulates the beta 1 receptors and improves myocardial contractility and cardiac output. At high doses, has alpha 1 activity and causes vasoconstriction.

23. Ventricular action potentials: Phase ____ represents a rapid depolarization of the cell. Na+ influx occurs as a result of the voltage gated Na+ channels opening.

24. Myocardial infarction which results from a thrombus permanently lodging in the vessel which results in the progression of the myocardial infarction to include the entire thickness of the ventricular wall. This is known as a transmural infarct.

25. When the pressures are too high in the left ventricle, the back flow of blood into the pulmonary circulation causes higher pressures in the pulmonary circulation against which the right ventricle must pump. The right ventricle is unable to effectively pump against the increase in pressure and ultimately dilates and fails.

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