A closely coiled helical spring of radius R, contains n turns and is subjected to an axial loadW. If the radius of the coil wire is r and modulus of rigidity of the coil material is C, the stress developed in the helical spring is

The field of strength of materials typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts.

A material's strength in a given application depends on many factors, including its resistance to deformation and cracking, and it often depends on the shape of the member being designed.