1. Legal Principle: Where a person fraudulently or erroneously represents that he is authorized to transfer certain immovable property and professes to transfer such property for consideration, such transfer shall, at the option of the transferee, operate on any interest which the transferor may acquire in such property at any time during which the contract of transfer subsists.
Factual Situation: A, a Hindu who has separated from his father B, sells to C, three fields, X, Y and Z, representing that A is authorized to transfer the same. Of these fields, Z does not belong to A, it having been retained by B on the partition; but on B's dying A as successor obtains Z, and at that time C had not cancelled the contract of sale. (CLAT 2014)

2. Legal Principle: Proposal (communication) + Acceptance (communication) + Consideration = Contract. The communication of a proposal is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made. Factual situation: X's nephew absconded from home. He sent his servant in search of the boy. After the servant had left, X by handbills offered to pay '501 to anybody finding his nephew. The servant came to know of this offer only after he had already traced the missing child. He, therefore, brought an action to recover the reward. (CLAT 2012)

3. Legal Principle: Where the parents of a minor child due to their negligence allow the child an opportunity to commit a tort, the parents are liable.
Factual Situation: The father supplied an air gun to his son who was about to turn 18 next month. After some complaints of mischief, the father took the gun away and placed it in a corner of their storeroom, which was used by the family to store surplus and other unnecessary stuff. The son took it out of the store and shot A. A sued his father. Is the father liable? (AILET 2014)
Decision:

4. Legal Principle: An agreement may be oral or written. However, if a law, specifically requires that an agreement must be in writing. A law specifically requires that the agreements relating to transfer of the copyright in novel between an author of a novel and the producer of a motion picture must be in writing.
Factual Situation: The author of a novel, Love at Lost Sight, had several rounds of discussion with a producer of motion picture regarding making of a motion picture based on Love at Lost Sight. During the last discussion, they decided to make a motion picture on Love at Lost Sight the producer made a motion picture on Love at Lost Sight after making a payment of ` 10,00,000 in cash to the author who happily accepted this amount as full and final payment. Later on, on the advice of his lawyer, the author brought a case in a court of law against the producer on the ground that there is no written agreement between the producer and him. (CLAT 2013)

5. Legal Principle: Parents are not liable for wrongs committed by their children unless they provide the opportunity for such wrongful acts to be committed by their children. Fact Situation: Sunil, a minor, takes the keys to his father's car from the table top where his father keeps it, drives the car on the public road and hits a pedestrian who gets injured. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate in relation to the legal principle stated above?

6. Legal Principle: Penal laws provide that whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man or woman, shall be punished for rape.
Factual Situation: A Police Officer found a man engaged in carnal intercourse with an animal. The Police Officer arrested the man and produced him before the Court. (CLAT 2017)

7. Legal Principle: 1. Everyone has a right to defend their life and property against criminal harm, provided it is not possible to approach public authorities and more harm than is necessary has been caused to avert the danger. 2. Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence.
Factual Situation: The accused found the deceased engaged in sexual intercourse with his 15-year-old daughter. The accused assaulted the decreased on the head with a spade which resulted in his death. Accused claimed private defence and the prosecution claimed that the sexual intercourse was with the consent of the daughter. Here, (AILET 2015)
Decision:

8. Principle: Civil Suit can be filed where defendant resides or carries on business or where cause of action arises. Facts: An agreement is signed and executed in New Delhi between A and B for supply of goods wherein B is to supply goods to be delivered at New Dehli to client of A. A carries on business at Haryana and B carries on Business in UP. Civil suit by 'B' for payment of consideration can be filed against 'A' at (CLAT 2019)

9. Legal Principle: Mere silence as to facts likely to affect the willingness of a person to enter into a contract is not fraud, unless the circumstances of the case are such that, regard being had to them, it is the duty of the person keeping silence to speak, or unless his silence is, in itself, equivalent to speech.
Factual Situation: A sells, by auction, to B, a horse which A knows to be unsound. A says nothing to B about the horse's unsoundness. (CLAT 2015)

10. Legal Principle: False imprisonment is a tort (wrong) which me the total restraint of a person's liberty without lawful justification.
Factual Situation: A part of a public road had been closed for spectators of a boat race. 'P' wanted to enter but he was prevented by 'D' and other policemen because he had not paid the admission fee. 'P' was able to enter the enclosure by other me but was unable to go where he wanted to go. The policemen refused access to where he wanted to go but allowed him to remain where he was or to go back. 'P' remained within the enclosure and refused to leave. Subsequently, 'P' sued 'D' for false imprisonment. (CLAT 2016)

11. Legal Principle: 1. A person is said to abet the doing of a thing when he instigates any other person to do that thing. 2. Mere acquiescence, however, does not amount to instigation.
Factual Situation: 'A' says to 'B': I am going to kill 'C'.” And, 'B' replies: “Do as you wish and take the consequences”; where after 'A' kills 'C'. (CLAT 2016)

12. The railway authorities allowed a train to be over crowded. In consequence, a legitimate passenger Mr X got his pocket picked. Choose the appropriate answer. (CLAT 2012)

13. Legal Principle: Licence is an agreement whereby the owner of the copyright agrees to grant an interest in the copyright to the licencee, assignment is an agreement whereby the owner of the copyright transfers all the property rights to the assignee. Property right is a bundle of rights consisting of right to possess, right to use, right to alienate and the right to exclude others.
Factual Situation: A, an owner of copyright in a cinematographic film enters into an agreement with B, a film distributor, B agrees to distribute the film only in Mumbai. A also enters into many such agreements with other distributors for distribution of his film in other cities. (CLAT 2013)

14. Legal Principle: Agreements, the meaning of which is not certain, or not capable of being made certain, are void. Factual situation: A horse was bought for a certain price coupled with a promise to give ` 500 more if the horse is proved lucky. (CLAT 2012)

15. Legal Principle: Quyi facit per alium tacit per se, i.e., he who does things through others does it himself.
Factual Situation: Nisha, the owner of a car, asked her friend Saurabh to take her car and drive the same to her office. As the car was near her office, it hit a pedestrian Srikant on account of Saurabh's negligent driving and injured him seriously. Now Srikant files a suit for damages against Nisha. (CLAT 2013)

16. Legal Principle: Preparation is not an offence except the preparation of some special offences.
Factual Situation: Ramesh keeps poisoned halwa in his house, wishing to kill Binoy whom he invited to a party and to whom he wishes to give it. Unknown to Ramesh, his only son takes the halwa and dies. In this case, (CLAT 2015)

17. Legal Principles: 1. Consideration is something that moves from the promisee to the promisor, at the implied or express request of the latter, in return for his promise. The item that moves can be a right, interest, profit, loss, responsibility given or suffered, forbearance or a benefit which is of some value in the eyes of law. 2. An offer may be revoked at any time before the communication of its acceptance is complete as against the proposer, but not afterwards.
Factual Situation: The defendant, Mr. Dhawan, wrote to the complainant, Mr. Chaman, with an offer to sell his house to him for ` 8,00,000. He promised that he would keep this offer open to him until Friday. However, on the Thursday Mr. Dhawan accepted an offer from a third party and sold his house. According to Mr. Chaman, he was going to accept this offer but had not said anything to Mr. Dhawan because he understood that he had time until Friday. Mr. Dhawan communicated to Mr. Chaman that the offer had been withdrawn, through a friend to the complainant. After hearing this, Mr. Chaman went to find the defendant, informing of his acceptance to the offer. Thereafter, the complainant brought an action for specific performance and breach of contract against the defendant. Whether the defendant's promise to keep the offer open until Friday morning was a binding contract between the parties and whether he was allowed to revoke this offer and sell to a third party? (AILET 2018)

18. Legal Principle: According to law, a person is deemed to have attained the age of majority when he completes the age of 18 years, except in the case of a person where a guardian of a minor's person or property has been appointed under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 or where the superintendence of a minor's property is assumed by a Court of Wards. Indian law expressly forbids a minor from entering into a contract. Hence, any contract entered into by a minor is voidabinitio regardless of whether the other party was aware of his minority or not. Further, though a minor is not competent to contract, nothing in the Contract Act prevents him from making the other party bound to the minor.
Factual Situation: Lal executed a promissory note in favour of Gurudutt, aged 16 years stating that he would pay Gurudutt a sum of ` 2 lakhs when he attains the age of majority. On attaining the age of 18, Gurudutt demanded the amount from Lal, who refused to pay. Gurudutt wants to take legal action against Lal. Identify the most appropriate legal position from the following: (CLAT 2017)

19. Legal Principle: Nuisance as a tort (civil wrong) means an unlawful interference with a person's use for enjoyment of land, or some right over, or in connection with it.
Factual Situation: During the scarcity of onions, long queues were outside the defendants shop who having a license to sell fruits and vegetables used to sell only 1 kg of onion per ration card. The queues extended on to the highway and also caused some obstruction to the neighboring shops. The neighboring shopkeepers brought an action for nuisance against the defendant. (CLAT 2015)

20. Legal Principle: A master shall be liable for the acts of his servants done in the course of employment.
Factual Situation: PUL, a public sector undertaking, is operating a number of bus services for its employees in Pune. These buses are quite distinct in their appearance and carry the board 'for PUL employees only'. M, a villager from neighbouring state, was waiting for a regular bus in one of the bus stops in Pune. A bus belonging to PUL happened to stop nearby and number of people got into the bus. M, without realizing that it was PUL bus, got into the bus and soon thereafter, the bus met with an accident due to driver's negligence. M, along with several others, was injured in the accident. M seeks to file a suit against PUL claiming damages. (AILET 2015)
Decision:

21. Legal Principle: The state shall make special laws for the upliftment of citizens of the country, and these laws can be made for the benefit of any specific caste, class or sex of people living in the society.
Factual Situation: The state of Hindu Pradesh comes out with a law, which provided for reservation to Muslims in all government and government aided institutions. This law is challenged in the High Court of Hindu Pradesh, as being arbitrary and contrary to the established laws. Can the challenge be successful? (AILET 2015)
Decision:

22. Examine the Statement and Conclusions given below and choose a suitable answer from the options given: Statement: It is a fundamental duty, which is unenforceable in a Court of Law that every citizen shall renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. Conclusions: 1. Reservation of seats for women in employment is violative of the principle stated. 2. Asking a lady inappropriate questions about her personal life is violative of the principle stated. (CLAT 2018)

23. Legal Principle: When an offer is accepted by a person to whom it is made, it becomes a promise. But this promise will become loyally binding only when the acceptance of the offer is unconditional.
Factual Situation: Ram makes an offer to sell his house to Shyam for ` 50,00,000. Shyam accepts this offer but wants to pay the price of the house in five quarterly instalments. Ram does not agree to it. Thereafter, Shyam agrees to pay the price of the house in the way as originally desired by Ram. But Ram does not reply to it. Can Shyam compel Ram to sell his house to him? (CLAT 2013)

24. Legal Principle: The Latin maxim nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto means that nobody can be punished twice for the same offence. Fact Situation: Sajan, a petty thief, is caught and thrashed thoroughly by the people before being handed over to the police. Sajan pleads before the magistrate that since he was already thrashed by the people he should not be again punished by the State. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate in relation to the legal principle stated above? (CLAT 2018)

25. X, a married woman, agreed to live in adultery with B and also agreed to serve him as his housekeeper. In return, B agreed to pay X ` 500 per month for living in adultery and ` 500 per month for housekeeping. The agreement is: (CLAT 2012)