The output of an first order hold between two consecutive sampling instants is:

Mathematical Models of Physical Systems topics include: Transfer functions, block diagram algebra, signal flow graphs and equations of physical systems. A mathematical model of a physical system is a mathematical representation of the system. It's created using the governing laws of the system. For example, the governing laws for electrical systems are Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws. For mechanical systems, the governing laws are Newton's laws of motion.  Mathematical models of physical systems are mathematical relationships that relate the output of a system to its input. Control systems... Show more

Mathematical Models of Physical Systems topics include: Transfer functions, block diagram algebra, signal flow graphs and equations of physical systems.

A mathematical model of a physical system is a mathematical representation of the system. It's created using the governing laws of the system. For example, the governing laws for electrical systems are Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws. For mechanical systems, the governing laws are Newton's laws of motion. 

Mathematical models of physical systems are mathematical relationships that relate the output of a system to its input. Control systems are linked to mathematical modeling because they give the desired output by controlling the input. 

Mathematical models of control systems include:
Differential Equation Model
Transfer Function Model
State Space Model 

Some examples of mathematical models for physical systems include:
Series RLC network: The input is v(t) and the output is v(t)
Parallel RLC network: The input is i(t) and the output is v(t) 

Mathematical modeling is an interdisciplinary field connecting mathematical analysis, numerical mathematics, and physics.

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