A soldier receives an order from his commanding officer to burn down a village in retaliation for an ambush that killed many in the soldier's unit. Even though it's impossible to know whether the village had any role in the attack - the commanding officer wants to make an example of them in order to deter future attacks. If the soldier refuses to follow the illegal order and his commanding officer threatens to - and eventually does - shoot the soldier - which of the following describes what the commanding officer did?