The grain direction is known as the machine direction (MD), while the cross direction (CD) is the direction of the paper at right angles to the MD.

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The basics of paper making are: Pulping: The first step in papermaking, where raw materials like wood chips and recycled paper are turned into pulp. There are two types of pulping: mechanical and chemical. Bleaching: An essential step that removes color from the pulp. Bleached pulp is brighter, softer, and cleaner than unbleached pulp. Drying: A critical step that removes water from the pulp to create a finished product. Efficient drying methods can reduce the time and energy needed to produce paper. Coating: A surface treatment that improves the gloss, smoothness, whiteness, and opacity... Show more

The grain direction is known as the machine direction (MD), while the cross direction (CD) is the direction of the paper at right angles to the MD.