1. A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is magnified by

2. Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

3. Proteins coded by a very large family of related genes are active in the sensory transduction of

4. The olfactory bulbs are located

5. The perceived pitch of a sound depends on

6. In the human retina

7. The cellular membrane across which ion flow varies during auditory transduction is the

8. Chitin is a major component of

9. Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

10. Sensory-transducing cells that fire both graded potentials and action potentials are found in

11. The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

12. Sensory transduction of light/dark information in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by

13. The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

14. Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a difference in neuron identity?

15. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

16. The 11 pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are

17. During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

18. Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

19. A ligand for the umami receptor in the sense of taste is

20. Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

21. Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the

22. Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have

23. Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?
1.Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. 2.Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 3.Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4.The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5.An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

24. The transduction of sound waves into action potentials takes place

25. The ratio of expressed receptor types to taste cells is