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Clinical Surgery

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Clinical Surgery

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25 Questions

1. What are the principles of management of enterocutaneous fistulae?

Coarctation may be associated with:Bicuspid aortic valcves - Aortic stenosis - Aneurysms in the circle of Wilis Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuMnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. Resuscitati

2. What are the causes of venous ulcers?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Coarctation may be associated with:Bicuspid aortic valcves - Aortic stenosis - Aneurysms in the circle of Wilis

3. What are telangiectasias?

Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuMnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiCoarctation may be associated with:Bicuspid aortic valcves - Aortic stenosis - Aneurysms in the circle of Wilis Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

4. What associations of coarctation are you aware of?

Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiCoarctation may be associated with:Bicuspid aortic valcves - Aortic stenosis - Aneurysms in the circle of Wilis Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

5. What is the pathogenesis of a congenital dermoid cyst?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia It is due to development inclusion of epidermis along lines of fusion of skin dermatomes and are therefore commonly at: The medial and lateral ends of the eyebrows - The midline of the nose - The midline of the neck and trunk - Suspect if you see a cAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

6. What should you mention when considering the management of a surgical patient?

Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuHistory - Examination - Special Investigations - Treatment Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. Resuscitati

7. What are the taste branches of the facial nerve?

Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Via chorda tympani to anterior two-thirds of the tongue Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuMnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. Resuscitati

8. What are the specific complications of inguinal hernia repair?

Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuUrinary retention - Bruising - Pain - often very severe and patients should be discharged with adequate analgesia; chronic groin pain persists in 5% of patients - Haematoma - 10% - Ischaemic orchitis - 0.5%(prev. vasectomy predisposing cause and dissMnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

9. What are the features of adult polycystic kidney disease?

Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuAutosomal dominant - 1 in 500 - Chromosomes 4 and 16 are affected - Age of Presentation is between 30s and 50s Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. Resuscitati

10. What do you know about thyroid malignancy?

The incidence is low approximately 4 per 100 -000 per year - The histological varieties are papillary -follicular -medullary - anaplastic and lymphoma(malignant) with papillary being the most common at 70% of the cases.(Mnemonic : MAL-FP) Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. Resuscitati

11. What is neurofibromatosis?

Presence of multiple neurofibromas in a patient - in combination with other dermatological manifestations(six cafe-au-lait psots) - It is an autosomal dominant condition with two types: 1 and 2. Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

12. How would you investigate a patient with a breast lump?

Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiTriple assessment which consists of: Clinical : history and physical examination - Radiological : ultrasound or mammography - Pathological : cytology(fine-needle aspiration) or histological(tru-cut biopsy)

13. What are the features of spider naevi?

Form of telangiectasias - Central arteriole with leg-like branches Which blanch on central pressure - Found over upper torso - head and neck in adults - Associated with chronic liver disease and pregnancy Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. Resuscitati

14. What are the surgical principles in the treatment of a femoral hernia?

Reduction of the contents of the sac - Excision of the sac - Repair of the defect - taking care not to narrow the femoral vein while tightening up the femoral canal Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

15. What are the uncommon causes of ascites?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiNephrotic syndrome - Tuberculosis - Chylous ascites Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

16. What is the main statistic with regards to salivary gland tumours?

80% of salivary gland tumours occurs in the parotid gland - 80% of these parotid tumours being benign - with 80% of these benign tumours being pleomorphic adenomas Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

17. When are spider naevi considered to be pathological?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia More than five is considered as pathological in chronic liver disease Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

18. What are the two main types of aetiologies in the differential diagnosis of a unilateral swelling of the parotid gland?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiArising inside the parotid gland - Arising outside the parotid gland Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

19. What is a dermatofibroma?

Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuMnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiA dermatofibroma is a benign neoplasm of dermal fibroblasts.

20. What types of wounds are prone to hypertrophic and keloid scar formation?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuDilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Wounds associated with - Infection - Trauma - Burns - Tension especially over the sternum such as after CABG - Wounds on certain areas of the body

21. What is the mainstay of treatment in ascites?

Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuThe mainstay of treatment of ascites is to treat the underlying condition and to place the patient on a weight reduction program - with the help of diuretic - and a low-sodium diet.

22. How would you treat hidradenitis suppurativa?

Well-localized abscesses are treated by incision and drainage under antibiotic cover - Larger lesions are treated by radical excision and full-thickness skin grafting usually harvested from the groins or abdomen Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

23. How would you investigate and treat a solitary thyroid nodule?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscuAll patients should undergo triple assessment that is Clinical Examination - Radiological assessment usually ultrasonographic - Pathological - most commonly cytological following FNAC Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

24. Why is surgical treatment advised in the treatment of varicocoele?

Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia It is often advised as the problem usually gets worse with age and there is risk of infertility. Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu

25. What is the operative mortality of amputations?

Mnemonic : SNAPP - Sepsis elimination : open or percutaneous drainage of collections; administration of appropriate antimicrobials - Nutritional resuscitation/optimization : patients may be fluid and electrolyte depleted and malnourished. ResuscitatiAny cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu20% Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

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❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com