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Ecology Question Bank

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1. How is chemical energy passed on through secondary production?

Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneThe herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Species with restricted habitats like small islands like the now extinct auk, and large species with low reproductive rates such as elephants.

2. facultative mutualism

The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).Species with restricted habitats like small islands like the now extinct auk, and large species with low reproductive rates such as elephants.mutualism in which both species can survive alone

3. What are terrestrial ecosystems limited by? Aquatic ecosystems?

mutualism in which both species can survive aloneThe herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Species with restricted habitats like small islands like the now extinct auk, and large species with low reproductive rates such as elephants.Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

4. What species are especially vulnerable to overharvesting?

Species with restricted habitats like small islands like the now extinct auk, and large species with low reproductive rates such as elephants.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).mutualism in which both species can survive alone

5. Why is it that when limpets are removed the rate of seaweed consumption doesn't decrease, but when sea urchins are removed it highly decreases?

Because limpets will continue to eat at their current rate, however, sea urchins will move into their potential niche where they consume much more, whereas when limpets are around their realized niche is consuming less seaweed.Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive alone

6. Why don't viruses follow a logistic growth model?

The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).They do not have a 100% mortality rate, nor are they effected by carrying capacitymutualism in which both species can survive aloneLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

7. What does effective population size mean for the population?

It can include deviations such as an uneven sex ratio or individuals that do not reproduce, which causes it to be lower than the actual population size. The goal of conservation of populations is for the effective population size to be greater than the MPV.mutualism in which both species can survive aloneLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).

8. How are ecological and evolutionary change a cycle?

ecological change alters selective pressures in populations causing evolutionary change, which alters outcomes of ecological interactions, causing ecological change.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

9. Where is the per capita ecological footprint greatest?

North America, parts of Europe, and AustraliaLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive alone

10. How do population, community, and ecosystem relate to each other?

Populations consist of intraspecific interactions. Communities consist of those and interspecific interactions. Ecosystems consist of those two as well as interactions between organisms and the abiotic components of the environment.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

11. How is Maungatautari, New Zealand being restored?

Fencing in invasive speciesLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneThe herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).

12. How does the monarch get its toxicity?

mutualism in which both species can survive aloneLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).It eats toxins from milkweed. This is an example of the evolutionary arms race - it counterattacked the milkweed with this development.

13. Bergmann's Rule

The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive alonebody size increases when latitude increasesLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

14. What are the limiting factors of primary production in an aquatic ecosystem?

Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneMostly nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, but also light, which penetrates different regions of the photic zone differently.

15. How is Coastal Japan being restored?

The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneRestoring seaweed and seagrass beds that are important nursery grounds for many fish speciesLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

16. How does habitat loss and fragmentation affect biodiversity?

mutualism in which both species can survive aloneIt is the largest human threat to biodiversity. It leads to species loss because it creates smaller populations, and smaller populations tend to have a difficult time supporting themselves, especially because of in-breeding and genetic drift.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

17. What is the difference between GPP, NPP, and NEP?

mutualism in which both species can survive aloneThe herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).GPP is biomass from primary production, NPP is that biomass minus respiration from autotrophs, and NEP is biomass minus respiration from all organisms in the ecosystem.

18. Considering Covid-19, what are some similarities we have seen between it and population dynamics?

mutualism in which both species can survive aloneIt is density dependent, because the more people gathered in one area, the easier it is for the virus to spread. However, there is no carrying capacity for the virus, because it can continue to spread. Therefore, we must stop the spread.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

19. What happened in Costa Rica after conservation was increased?

A decreased infant mortality rate and an increased life expectancy.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).mutualism in which both species can survive alone

20. What is included in assimilation of secondary production?

The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Growth (by biomass or reproduction) and cellular respiration are included. Fecal matter is not assimilated.mutualism in which both species can survive aloneLight (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

21. How do movement corridors promote or decrease biodiversity?

They can allow organisms to reach places they otherwise couldn't, promoting dispersal and increased populations. They can also cause decreased population size by spreading pathogens.mutualism in which both species can survive aloneThe herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

22. How do oceans 'flip'?

Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneThe herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Seasonal changes in wind patterns alter ocean currents, causing the upwelling of cold water from deep ocean layers, which is nutrient rich and will stimulate growth of organisms like phytoplankton living above.

23. Why is trophic efficiency always less than production efficiency?

Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneTrophic efficiency must always be less than production efficiency because it takes into account respiration and feces but also the amount organic energy not consumed by the next trophic level.

24. How does the Canyon tree frog protect itself?

Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).mutualism in which both species can survive aloneCryptic coloration as well as staying still against his background

25. How does precipitation form?

mutualism in which both species can survive aloneMoist air rises from the equator, but moist air does not rise as much so it loses its precipitation and cools then moves, causing 30 degrees N and S to be dry desserts because not much water was carried over to them. This air then further circulates toward 60 degrees N and S where again, the air releases precipitation (it regained moisture from the land while moving there) to the environment making it wetter and then again rises, cold and dry yet again, and makes its way to the poles (66.5 degrees N and S.The herbivore eats the plant and uses about 1/6 of its energy to increase biomass, through either growth or reproduction. The rest is used in cellular respiration (and lost to environment as heat) or passed in feces, which will be lost as heat when detritivores consume it. So, the secondary consumer that eats the primary consumer only will gain chemical energy converted to biomass by the primary consumer (growth or reproduction).Light (energy and temperature). precipitation, and nutrients (especially nitrogen) for terrestrial ecosystems. Light in the photic zone as well as nutrients for aquatic ecosystems (especially phosphorus).

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❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson© 2026 Fatskills.com

All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com