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Edexcel Politics A-Level: Conservatism

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What is Conservatism?
Conservatism seeks to conserve society as it is and is suspicious of change. Conservatism values pragmatism over ideological thinking, seeking to adapt its values over time, according to changes in society. However, new right thinking within conservatism in the 1970s and 1980s challenged much of what conservatism had traditionally stood for.

There are three content areas:
1. Conservatism: core ideas and principles
2. Differing views and tensions within conservatism
3. Conservative thinkers and their ideas.

Edexcel Politics A-Level: Conservatism

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25 Questions

1. Libertarianism 1 - idea What is it and what does it emphasise? What does it advocate? Emphasis what and rivals? When did it originate and influenced why whos work? Burke's ops on free market?

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'1. People should pursue happiness as their highest moral aim 2. People should work hard to achieve a life of purpose & productivenessPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

2. Neo-liberalism Why and when did it emerge? 4 core ideas

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention1. People should pursue happiness as their highest moral aim 2. People should work hard to achieve a life of purpose & productiveness

3. Noblesse oblige wiki

Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'1. People should pursue happiness as their highest moral aim 2. People should work hard to achieve a life of purpose & productiveness

4. Ayn Rand (1905-82) - Key ideas People should x People should y

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention1. People should pursue happiness as their highest moral aim 2. People should work hard to achieve a life of purpose & productivenessPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity

5. Libertarianism - modern = Associated with who? Rejects and endorses what (3 things) Greatest threat and remedy Dissmiss what as inefficient?

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionLibertarianism (modern) = liberal New Right = neo-liberalism - Associated Thatcher and Reagan in 80s - Neo-lib rejects state intervention -> champions free market -> opposes keynesian style management - Neo-liberals consider inflation greatest economic threat -> undermining consumer/business confidence -> use gov spending cuts to control monetary supply (Thatch/Reagan 80s) - Neo-libs also dismiss common-ownersip on grounds on inefficiencyPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity

6. The New Right - neo-conservative elements of Thatcherism What was defended? Strong ___ based on ___ Opposition of ___

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionDefence of traditional values including support for hetrosexual marriage and the nuclear family - Strong law-and-order policies based on support for police - Opposition to permissive attitudes eg Section 28 (law prohibiting the promotion of homosexuality)

7. Conclusion - the state - one-nation -> New Right mix

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'1-nation -> role is to preserve social order with social reform, econ intervention & preserving traditional institutions - New Right has authoritarian & lib views: -> minimal state in terms of enhancing free market (both neos c/l) -> but neoconservatives call for 'strong state' (police & punishments) to combat crime and antisocial behaviour -> neolibs prefer a minimal state (atomostic individualism)Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity

8. Authority - basic - best suited -> evolves -> provides

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityIdea that people in higher positions are best suited to make decisions for the rest - Evolves naturally; work & households - Provides much needed security

9. Pragmatism 2 - traditional and one-nation conservative views What do traditional conservatives (Burke) believe and what has thus survived? Burke: what causes chaos What should be preserved Motto

Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityTraditional/one-nation conservatism both associated - For traditional conservatives, Burke, pragmatism is essential in envoking natural, evolutionary change which allowed the state to continue for it needs to adapt over time - Burke: radical which ends in inevitable chaos - Core societal features can be preserved - Change to conserve

10. Paternalism - B. Disraeli - origins -> warned -> rich -> conc

Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Origins of one-nation paternalism traces back to works of Benjamin Disraeli - Served PM 1874 - 1880 - In his literature he warned Britian dividing into 2 nations (rich/poor) -> social revolution more likely - Claimed could only be averted by privileged recognising their obligation towards less fortunate - Rich would help whilst preserving own advantages and social cohesion - As PM he translated paternalism into a series of limited social reformsLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

11. The New Right - Introduction and origins - When did it gather momentum? - Founded on which ideologies?

Gathered momentum from the mid-1970s as a rival to one-nation - Founded on 2 distinct but seemingly opposing ideologies: 1. neo-liberalism / liberal New Right -> modernised version of classical liberalism, based on free market, individual liberty and minimal state 2. neo-conservatism / conservative New Right -> updated form of traditional conservative social thinking based on order and traditional values'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

12. Neo-liberalism - More economics What did Friedman think about Keynesian policy? What was his alternative? Who utilised it

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionFriedman asserted that Keynesian policy to create high employment resulted in inflation - He instead opted for monetarism -> controlling inflation through reductions in gov spending - Utilised by Thatcher and Reagan in 80s to reduce inflation - Gov intervention seen as most potent threat to economy -> Thatcher embarked on extensive privitisation policy in 80s

13. Neo-liberalism - human nature - Advocate ___ ___ - View freedom in ? - Reject what? - Humans may ___

Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityAdvocate atomistic individualism -> individuals rational, self-interested and self-sufficient which links to their belief in free market - View freedom in negative terms -> free when external constraints removed, opposing collectivism and favouring minimal state - Reject excessive welfare as creating dependency culture - Although humans may be selfish, they are rational and entitled to pursue their own self interests'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'

14. Libertarianism - Neo-liberal objections to state welfare Believe the state is a threat to what? Objections in part? Economic: Moral:

Believe the state is a threat to individual liberty and thus should be restrained -> reduced social welfare - Objections in part moral/economic Economic: 1. State welfare = dependency culture, depriving self-respect -> by 80s neo-liberals claiming generations were already dependent on welfare (US/UK) -> undermining parental financial responsibility and therefore family Moral: 2. Welfare policy disrupts property rights -> no legally acquired property (income too) should be transferred, without consent, from one individual to another -> tax revuenue used in funding legilised 'state robbery'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

15. Michael Oakeshott 2 key ideas What was his main work on

Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity1. People's actions should be guided by pragmatism, rather than ideology 2. Theories / ideologies oversimplify comlex situations - Main work on human imperfection and pragmatism'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'

16. Paternalism - forms

Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Soft -> when those who are reciepients give their consent - Hard -> when paternalism is imposed, regardless of consent/oppostion, more authoritarian manner

17. Thomas Hobbes - State of nature What has disastrous consequences? Hypothetical situation ___ :

Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityFreedom without order or authority -> disastrous consquences for society - Hypothetical situtation (state of nature): -> equality and freedom without any authority -> would be inevitable war and endless conflict -> fearful individuals would sacrifice some of their rights in return for order and security -> they would enter a social contract with gov -> submit to authoritative governmentLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'

18. The New Right - Core - What mixture of elements? - Why was it considered radical - What is stressed and what was failing in the 19__ - Where was thinking becoming prominent and thanks to whom?

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityThrough combining neo-liberal/conservative ideas New Right contains mixture of reactionary and traditional elements - Radical because its determination to abandon gov interventionism in economic / social affairs - At the same time stress traditional views - During 1970s traditional Keynesian interventionist strategies were failing to combat the persistent unemployment and rising inflation - New Right thinking became prominent in US/UK where it became associated with Regan and Thatcher leading to 'Thatcherism' and 'Reaganism'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

19. Conclusion - Society - organic or atomistic? Why would organic society be rejected?

Political philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Traditional/one-nation/neo-conservatives -> organic view -> all parts need to work harmoniously for healthy frame etc - Elite priviledges balanced by burden of social obligation and paternalism to less fortunate - Neo-libs -> reject assumptions underpinning organic society and instead view society as being collection of independant, rational beings (atomistic individualism)

20. Robert Nozick Why he thought taxes levied to fund welfare was immoral

1. They amount to a form of forced labour imposed on the individuals by the state 2. They treat individuals as a resource to further the goals of equalityPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

21. Pragmatism 1 - Overview What does it reject Associations? Quote Linked to what? Criticisms

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityRejection of theory in favour of experience, flexible approach based on 'what works' - Associated with Burke and M. Oakeshott - 'to be a Conservative is to prefer the tried to the untried' M. Oakeshott - Preference of pragmatism linked to view on human nature: humans lack intellectual capacity to fully comprehend the complex reality of the world. Leading to abstract utopian ideals eg classless society - Critics argue pragmatism reveals a lack of political principle and encourages following rather than leading

22. Edmund Burke - Tradition What can tradition provide and what duties are in place?

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Contunuing respect for tradition nurtures social continuity and stability - Each generation has an obligation to pass the accumulated wisdom on to the next - Provides a historical identity offering familiarity and prideLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity

23. Organic society 1 - Assumptions What assumptions are made? -> people cannot exists ___ Humans accept ___ When are people truly free Without society where would we descend?

Liberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov interventionPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperity'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Given the assumption that humans are dependent and security-seeking -> people cannot exist seperately from society or social groups - Society provides sense of security/purpose - Humans accept roles provided by society eg parent, neighbour, friend - People are truly free when they accept the value of societal ties -> without society would descend into atomism

24. Neo-conservatism What do they stress in order to preserve links to ? More authorative than ___ as ___ Claim ___ 60s caused what More what needed to ____ structures such as __ Strong ___ -> eg

'Noblesse oblige is a French expression used in English. It translates as ''nobility obliges'' and denotes the concept that nobility extends beyond mere entitlements and requires the person who holds such a status to fulfill social responsibilities.'Stress on authority and desire to preserve society links to traditional conservatism and organicism - More authoritative than 1 nation as seeks to strengthen society through authority rather than social reform (paternalism) - Claim lib 60s caused less authority -> higher crime rates - More authority to restore traditional social structures such as nuclear family - Strong state -> more police power / longer sentences -> Thatcher/Reagan tough stance of law/orderPolitical philosophy emphasising the individual liberty - Advocates minimum state intervention in citizens lives - Emphasis on economic liberalisation -> rivals paternalism - Evident in conservative thinking since the late 1700s -> influenced by Adam Smith's arguments for econ liberalism - Eg Burke: advocated free market citing its efficiency and claiming intervention would damage potential prosperityLiberal New Right ideas emerging out of the economic problems in the west (1970s) which Keynesianism was not fixing: 1. minimal state 2. self-reliant individuals making their own decisions 3. rejection of collectivism 4. elimination of gov intervention

25. Michael Oakeshott - pragmatism quote

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson© 2026 Fatskills.com

All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com