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Human Learning Basics Practice Test: Motivation And Affect

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Motivation and emotion are both part of affect, a core psychological phenomenon. Affect is a combination of physiological and emotional experiences that guide our behavior and decision making. Motivation is an inner drive, impulse, emotion, or desire that moves someone to a particular action. It can be caused by internal processes like thoughts, emotions, goals, and values. There are two types of motivation: Intrinsic motivation: When someone is motivated by internal reasons Extrinsic motivation: When someone is motivated by reasons outside of internal rewards Extrinsic motivation... Show more

Motivation and emotion are both part of affect, a core psychological phenomenon. Affect is a combination of physiological and emotional experiences that guide our behavior and decision making.

Motivation is an inner drive, impulse, emotion, or desire that moves someone to a particular action. It can be caused by internal processes like thoughts, emotions, goals, and values.
There are two types of motivation:
Intrinsic motivation: When someone is motivated by internal reasons
Extrinsic motivation: When someone is motivated by reasons outside of internal rewards

Extrinsic motivation can be affected by external factors like salary, benefits, promotion, and disciplinary action. It can have an immediate and powerful effect, but it doesn't last long.
Motivation can increase focus and drive, which can boost energy and improve productivity.

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Human Learning Basics Practice Test: Motivation And Affect

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1. Karin and her mother live on welfare in a poor, inner-city neighborhood in Detroit. Karin is quite bright and highly motivated, and she really wants to get a college education. However, she knows that, on average, students from low-income homes perform more poorly on the SAT tests than students from wealthier homes. When she takes the SAT, she is so nervous that she has trouble concentrating on the test items, and as a result her scores are lower than they should be. Which of the following concepts best explains what has happened to Karin?

Hot cognitionCognitive dissonanceHigh motive to avoid failureStereotype threat

2. Which one of the following statements is consistent with Hull’s notion of how both habit and drive affect performance?

'I’ve walked that route so often that I could probably do it in my sleep.' 'Sometimes I get so nervous that I’m all butterfingers.''You can do anything if you try hard enough.''I won’t do it—I don’t want to, and I don’t know how.'

3. Which one of the following examples is consistent with what the textbook means by giving students a sense of autonomy?

Jason can turn his homework in whenever he wants to, even if he waits until the last day of school to turn all his assignments in.Lonnie knows that he can demonstrate his mastery of an instructional objective in his social studies class in either of two ways—by taking an exam or completing a project.Kenda asks her teacher for help whenever she finds a word she doesn’t know the meaning of, or whenever she runs into a problem she hasn’t seen before. In art class, Marie only needs to work on her art project on days when she feels particularly creative.

4. Which one of the following students is displaying intrinsic motivation?

Bob works hard in his classes because his parents have promised to buy him a car if he gets at least a 3.5 grade-point-average this year. Cassie does her math homework faithfully every night because she likes her teacher and wants to please him.Annette loves to play the viola and so practices for at least an hour each day.Dennis takes physics because he wants to become an engineer and make a lot of money.

5. Under some conditions, negative feedback can increase students’ intrinsic motivation to perform school tasks. The four teacher statements below all present negative feedback. Choose the statement below that is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation.

'I know you have the ability to write a better essay than this, Janet. Let me give you some suggestions about what you might do differently next time.''The German Club should be embarrassed about the mess it left in the cafeteria after school yesterday. Do you want the rest of the school to think that German Club members are slobs?''I’m not pleased with the projects that you students turned in yesterday. You should be ashamed of yourselves for not taking the assignment more seriously.''Yours is the lowest quiz score in the entire class, Bill. I want you to see if you can do better than at least half of your classmates next time.'

6. Which of the following statements is true of situated motivation?

A learner’s environment influences their motivation.A learner’s environment influences their motivation and the learner’s motivation influences their learning environment.A learner’s motivation can only be influenced by intrinsic factors.A learner’s motivation influences their learning environment.

7. Marc loves playing ping pong. When he plays with a friend, he concentrates intently on the game and tries very hard to win. He experiments with different shots (occasionally losing a game in the process) and eventually perfects a few shots that are extremely difficult for an opponent to return. With this information in mind, which one of the following is most likely to be true about Marc?

He has a high need for approval. He has a high need for achievement.He has a high motive to avoid failure.He has a high need for a sense of identity.

8. Which one of the following best illustrates secondary control as a factor that can enhance a person’s self of autonomy?

Frustrated that he doesn’t make the high school baseball team, Bob lashes out by hitting his younger brother. Alla says to her best friend, 'I wish I were as smart as you are in math. I guess I just don’t have good ‘math genes.’ 'When Donald gets a low score on an exam, he thinks, 'I underestimated what it would take to do well in this class. I guess I need to start studying harder.'When a classmate makes fun of Christine’s slight speech impediment, she retaliates by saying, 'Well, at least I have a good complexion. Those pimples of yours are really gross!'

9. Which one of the following students is displaying extrinsic motivation?

Caryn wants to become a varsity soccer player so others will admire her.Donnetta wants to become an actress because she thinks acting is fun.Albert wants to be an accountant because he likes working with numbers.Brad wants to be a veterinarian because he loves animals and wants to help them.

10. Day after day, Raymond’s history teacher lectures about the subject matter in a dry, unengaging manner and expects students simply to sit quietly and take notes. To make class a little more exciting for himself and the students sitting near him, Raymond often draws cartoon faces on the tips of his fingers and performs little finger-puppet shows at his desk. Raymond’s behavior in class can probably best be explained as:

Reflecting a high need for achievementReducing cognitive dissonanceSatisfying his need for arousalEnabling him to achieve self-actualization

11. Carlton often gets so wrapped up in a video game that he has little or no awareness of events going on around him. An entire afternoon can pass by very quickly as he meets one challenge after another in his video-game world. Carlton’s motivation state can best be characterized as involving:

Self-handicappingDrive reduction Extrinsic motivationFlow

12. From Maslow’s perspective, which one of the following best reflects a deficiency need?

Bill is worried that Mark might beat him up on the way home from school.Lorne writes and plays folk songs as a way of expressing himself.Rachel is curious about why her science experiment didn’t turn out the way she expected it would.Geri finds ancient civilizations fascinating.

13. You go to an art museum on a Sunday afternoon. Other things being equal, which one of the following pictures are you most likely to remember?

A peaceful farm scene, with cows grazing by a streamFruit in a brightly colored Mexican pot A man with a bloody, gruesome chest woundA dog baring its teeth at another dog

14. Vance is quite surprised to hear that his friend Adam has been caught shoplifting, as he has always thought of Adam as someone who is honest, law-abiding, and respectful of others’ rights and possessions. 'There must be a logical explanation for why Adam was seen shoplifting,' Vance thinks to himself, 'and I won’t rest until I find out what it is.' Vance’s motivation can best be explained using the concept of:

need for relatednessstate anxiety optimal level of arousalcognitive dissonance

15. Eloise’s history teacher lectures for hours at a time with out receiving questions from the class or giving the class a break to speak with each other about the lecture. As a result, Eloise is bored when she is in history class. Given the textbooks’ explanation of boredom as it is related to motivation, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Eloise will not pay attention in class and therefore will not benefit from the instruction. Eloise will be motivated to learn the material on her own when she is at home.Eloise will loose all interest in history and will avoid all history classes in the future.Eloise will work extra hard to pay attention to the lecture in class.

16. Which one of the following is the best example of hot cognition?

Learning a new strategy for solving a difficult problemRealizing that you finally understand Einstein’s law of relativity Getting excited when you read about a possible cure for Alzheimer’s diseaseHaving a mental block that interferes with your writing ability

17. The textbook distinguishes between a challenge and a threat. Which one of the following is most likely to be a threat rather than a challenge?

You think you can probably make the basketball team, but only if you practice every day at home.You are required to take a college course in nuclear physics, even though you failed basic physics in high school. You have invited a friend to dinner and are trying a recipe you’ve never tried before.You’re asked to climb up a twenty-foot rope hanging from the ceiling. You’ve climbed ten feet before, but you’ve never climbed twenty feet.

18. Which one of the following individuals is most likely to have facilitating anxiety?

Dave is nervous about doing well in the 100-meter dash.Art doesn’t begin his 20-page research report for his psychology class until the night before it is due.Curt can’t find his car keys, and he was supposed to leave 5 minutes ago for the airport to catch his plane.Bert has heard that his statistics professor is an easy grader, so he isn’t the least bit worried about getting at least a B in his statistics course.

19. Three of the following teachers are likely to enhance students’ motivation to do well in the classroom. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Mr. Brandt is full of surprises; his students never know what he’ll ask them to do next. Mr. Avalon makes sure his classroom assessments are good measures of his classroom objectives.Mr. Dobson describes the terrible living conditions on the ships that brought African slaves to the New World during the 1600s, and the students become quite angry about how some of their ancestors behaved.Mr. Cisneros sometimes asks his students to work together on group projects.

20. With the textbook’s discussion of arousal and anxiety in mind, identify the best approach to taking a challenging exam.

Worry about the exam as you study the night before, but be as relaxed as possible when you take it.Be completely relaxed both when you study and when you take the exam.Worry a little bit about the exam, but not too much.In your mind, imagine the worst possible thing that could happen if you fail the exam.

21. Three of the following are true statements about intrinsic and/or extrinsic motivation in instructional settings. Which one is false?

Reminding students of how important good grades are will promote extrinsic motivation more than intrinsic motivation.Extrinsically motivated students may sometimes exert only the minimal effort needed to complete classroom assignments.Compared to students who are extrinsically motivated, students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to learn classroom material in meaningful and effective ways. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are mutually exclusive: Students who have one are highly unlikely to have the other.

22. Mr. Rawlins is faculty advisor for the high school service club. He attends every meeting, and he regularly provides the support students need to carry out their activities. During group discussions, however, he typically sits in the back of the room and offers advice only if club members ask for it or if he thinks the club’s planned activities are in some way inappropriate. In taking this approach, Mr. Rawlins is most likely to:

Decrease club members’ sense of competence Promote debilitating anxietyReduce club members’ interest in public serviceEnhance club members’ sense of autonomy

23. Drive reduction theory is no longer as popular as it was in early conceptions of motivation. Which one of the following research findings contributed to the demise of drive reduction theory?

Organisms sometimes behave in ways that increase rather than reduce drive.For some organisms, drive is a physiological impossibility. For human beings, so many drives exist simultaneously that it’s impossible to completely satisfy them all.Although drive reduction theory explains virtually all of rat behavior, it explains very little of human behavior.

24. Which one of the following teaching strategies, while possibly beneficial in other ways, is least likely to foster productive dispositions in students?

Helping students understand that in a research study, correlation between two variables does not necessarily mean that one variable is the cause of the otherTeaching students a particular algorithm to follow in solving math problemsAsking students to justify their opinions with evidence or logicModeling open-mindedness about diverse perspectives on global warming

25. Three of the following teaching strategies should enhance students’ sense of autonomy. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Suggesting study strategies that can help students learn classroom subject matter more effectively. Describing desired classroom behaviors in an informational manner rather than as what students 'must' do.Giving students occasional choices about how to accomplish classroom objectives.Making students well aware that you always know what they’re doing and how well they’re doing it.

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