1. Legal Principle: One of the principles of 'Natural Justice' states that, “No person shall be a judge in his own cause”. Facts: A, a driver of B, a Branch Manager of ABC Bank was caught, suspecting theft, in the bank premises. The Bank management instituted an enquiry and made B the enquiry officer. Which of the following statements is correct? (CLAT 2018)

2. Legal Principle: An interest which is created on a transfer of property and depends upon the fulfillment of a condition will fail if the fulfillment of the condition is impossible or is forbidden by law or is of such a nature that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law or is fraudulent or involves or implies injury to the person or property of another or the court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy.
Factual Situation: A gives ` 10,00,000 to B on condition that B shall marry A's daughter C. On the date on which A gave ` 10,00,000 to B, C was dead. (CLAT 2013)

3. Legal Principle: Vicarious liability is when employers are held liable for the torts committed by their employees during the course of employment.
Factual Situation: New Vision School opened a boarding house (Shivaji House) for boys in the year 2000 for the students having behavioural and emotional difficulties. The claimants in the instant case had resided there between 2000 to 2003, being aged 12 to 15 during that time, under the care of a warden, who was in charge of maintaining discipline and the running of the house. The warden lived in the House, with his disabled wife, and together they were the only two members of staff in the House. His duties were ensuring order, in making sure the children went to bed, went to school, engaged in evening activities, and supervising other staff. It had been alleged by some of the boys that the warden had sexually abused them, including inappropriate advances and taking trips alone with them. A criminal investigation took place some ten years later, resulting in the warden being sentenced to seven years imprisonment. Following this, the victims brought an action for personal injury against the employers, alleging that they were vicariously liable. Whether the employers of the warden may be held vicariously liable for their employee's intentional sexual abuse of school boys placed under his care? (AILET 2018)

4. Legal Principle: When there is an infringement of the legal right of a person, he gets a right to sue the wrongdoer for remedy irrespective of any actual loss caused. Fact Situation: Saroj is prevented from voting at an election. The candidate she intended to vote for, wins the election. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate in relation to the legal principle stated above? (CLAT 2018)

5. Legal Principle: The occupier of a premise owes a duty of care to all his invitees and visitors.
Factual Situation: Lalit was running a dairy from his house. People used a part of his farm as shortcut to get to a nearby railway station. Lalit who did not approve of this, put up a notice that 'Trespassers will be prosecuted'. However since a number of these people were also his customers, he tolerated them. One day a person who was using this short cut was attacked by a bull belonging to the farm. The injured person filed a suit against him. (AILET 2015)
Decision:

6. Legal Principle: Only Parliament or State Legislatures have the authority to enact laws on their own. No law made by the state can take away a person's fundamental right.
Factual Situation: Parliament enacted a law, which according to a group of lawyers is violating the fundamental rights of traders. A group of lawyers files a writ petition challenging the constitutional validity of the statute seeking relief to quash the statute and further direct Parliament to enact a new law. (AILET 2015)
Decision:

7. Legal Principle: A partner is liable for the debts incurred by the other partners in the course of partnership.
Factual Situation: Satwik and Prateek enter into a partnership to produce a film, wherein Satwik also directs the movie. The movie bombed at the box office. Consequently, they run into financial difficulties and the partnership ends. Prateek goes to Abbas to borrow some money, which Abbas understands is for repaying the debts from the partnership. Prateek takes the money and absconds to Malibu. Abbas sues Satwik for the amount. Decide (AILET 2015)
Decision:

8. Legal Principle: A person is liable to compensate others for harm caused by the escape of any inherently dangerous material that he keeps on his land. Fact Situation: Ankit lights a bonfire in his courtyard to warm himself up during a cold winter evening. A strong wind suddenly blows some sparks from the fire, on to his neighbour's house which catches fire and gets completely destroyed. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate in relation to the legal principle stated above? (CLAT 2018)

9. Assertion (A): In India, every state has a high court in its territory. Reason (R): The Constitution of India provides for a high court in each state. (CLAT 2015)

10. Legal Principle: Agreements, the meaning of which is not certain, or capable of being made certain, are void.
Factual Situation: A horse was bought for a certain price coupled with a promise to give ` 500 more if the horse proved lucky. (CLAT 2015)

11. Factual Situation: M G Ltd. was constructing Crystal Heights, a posh state-of-the-art tower for commercial and residential purposes, in Gurugram. During construction, hundreds of claimants alleged that, in addition to dust and noise caused by the erection of the building, their television signals had been interrupted by the tower. The claimants, some of whom were absolute owners, and many others who were renting, sued in both negligence and in nuisance for the harm done to their amenity by the loss of their television signals. Whether the respondent's action in causing the appellant's television signals to be interrupted with the construction of their tower could constitute a private nuisance? (AILET 2018)

12. Legal Principle: Section 34 of Indian Penal Code provides that 'When a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.'
Factual Situation: Three vagabonds, Sanju, Dilbag and Sushil decided to commit burglary. In the night, Sushil opened the lock and they broke into a rich man's house when the entire family was on a pilgrimage. Sanju had gone to that house earlier in connection with some cleaning job. There was only a servant lady in the house. Hearing some sounds from the master bed room, the servant switched on the lights and went up to the room from where she heard the sound. Noticing that the servant was going to cry for help, Sanju grabbed her and covered her mouth with his hands and dragged her into the nearby room. The other two were collecting whatever they could from the room. When they were ready to go out of the house, they looked for Sanju and found him committing rape on the servant. They all left the house and the servant reported the matter to the police and identified Sanju. Subsequently, all three were arrested in connection with the offences of house breaking, burglary and rape. Identify the legal liability of the three. (CLAT 2017)

13. Principle: An agreement without free consent can be enforced only at the option of the party whose consent was not free. Facts: A obtains the consent of B to enter into an agreement by putting a gun on the head of B's girl friend. (CLAT 2019)

14. Legal Principle: Ignorance of law excuses no one.
Factual Situation: X fails to file his income tax returns for a considerable number of years. The Income Tax Department serves upon him a 'showcause notice' as to why proceedings should not be initiated against him for recovery of the income tax due from him with interest and penalty. Which of the following derivations is correct? (CLAT 2014)

15. Legal Principle: The master/principal is liable for all acts done by his duly appointed servant/agent for all acts done by him lawfully in the course of his employment.
Factual Situation: A, B, C and D carried on a business in partnership. While making a deal with another company, B bribed the clerk there. Is the partnership firm vicariously liable? (AILET 2015)
Decision:

16. Assertion (A): The reservation of thirty-three per cent of seats for women in Parliament and State Legislature does not require Constitutional Amendment. Reason (R): Political parties contesting elections can allocate thirty-three per cent of seats they contest to women candidates without any Constitutional Amendment. (CLAT 2015)

17. Principle: Inducing any animal to move or to change its motion and thereby intentionally causing fear of injury or annoyance to others by such act, is an offence of use of criminal force. Facts: X incites his dog to chase and run after his neighbour Y, to teach Y to stay away from him. The act is done without neighbour' consent and against his will (CLAT 2019)

18. Legal Principle: An offer made by one party when accepted by another makes it a contract. Factual Situation: 1. P offered to sell his house for ` 20 lakhs to R; R told P that he was interested to buy a house for '15 lakhs only. 2. C was looking for a house for not more than 2. lakhs; P informed C that his house was available for 20 lakhs. 3. K wanted to buy some old furniture; L told K that he would sell his furniture for ` 10, 000. 4. R advertised to sell his old car for a price of '3 lakhs; S found the advertisement and offered to buy it for ` 2 lakhs 50 thousand; R agrees to sell it to S. Which among the above is actually a contract? (CLAT 2017)

19. Legal Principle: Law never enforces an impossible promise.
Factual Situation: 'A' made a promise to 'B' to discover treasure by magic. (CLAT 2016)

20. Legal Principle: Intentional application of force to another person is action able in law.
Factual Situation: 'P' and 'D' are unknown to each other. When 'P' is about to sit on a chair, 'D' intentionally pulls it away as a result of which 'P' falls on the floor and is injured. (CLAT 2016)

21. Principle: Sale of liquor is illegal. All agreements relating to prohibited items do not exist in the eyes of law. Facts: 'A' entered into an agreement with 'B' for the sale of liquor. 'A' failed to supply the agreed quantity of liquor to B. (CLAT 2019)

22. Legal Principle: Sale of liquor is illegal. All agreements relating to prohibited items do not exist in the eyes of law.
Factual Situation: 'A' entered into an agreement with 'B' for the sale of liquor. 'A' failed to supply the agreed quantity of liquor to 'B'. (CLAT 2016)

23. Legal Principle: Mere silence as to facts likely to affect the decision of a person to enter into a contract is not fraud.
Factual Situation: 'A' sells to 'B' (A's daughter who is minor) a horse which 'A' knows to be unsound. 'A' says nothing to 'B' about the unsoundness of the horse. (CLAT 2016)

24. Legal Principle: A person is said to have committed assault when an apprehension is caused in the mind of a person that he is about to use physical force against his body.
Factual Situation: 'A' abuses 'B' while he was sitting in a moving train, by aggressively shaking his fists when 'B' was standing on the railway platform at a distance. (CLAT 2016)

25. Legal Principle: Preparation is not an offence except the preparation of some special offences.
Factual Situation: Ramesh keeps poisoned halwa in his house, wishing to kill Binoy whom he invited to a party and to whom he wishes to give it. Unknown to Ramesh, his only son takes the halwa and dies. In this case, (CLAT 2015)