1. __________ is the most common dysrhythmia. It increases the risk for stroke and these individuals typically need to be on anticoagulation to prevent this complication. It is more common in elderly.

2. Dyspnea on exertion and fatigue - If severe there may be evidence of pulmonary edema (inspiratory crackles on auscultation, pleural effusions). Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure may develop. - Late in diastole, arterial contraction with rapid ejection of blood into the noncompliant ventricle may give ride to an S4 gallop. EKG often reveals evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and chest xray shows pulmonary congestion without cardiomegaly. There also may be evidence of underlying coronary disease, hypertension, or valvular disease.

3. Right to left sided shunt: If the SaO2 remains at ________________ cyanosis is not likely to develop because the shunting is minimal.

4. Sudden, severe chest pain that is described as crushing. It may radiate to the neck, jaw, back, shoulder or left arm. People may believe they have severe indigestion. Nausea, vomiting may occur. Tachycardia, new cardiac murmurs, pulmonary crackles, and cool and clammy feeling may be present.

5. Cardiogenesis begins at ___________ gestation, but the development is completed between the ____________________ of gestation. The heart is originally shaped in a tube-like configuration and over time bulges into the shape which is associated with the heart. During this time the heart undergoes septation, ventricular development, aortic arch development, and circulation begins.

6. The heart has how many layers?

7. The ___________ the amount of intracellular calcium, the _________ the degree of tension and the __________ the contraction. The reverse is true.

8. This is highly dependent upon the force of the contraction.

9. They will have a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur. They are at an increased risk of developing an embolus.

10. The severity of cardiac dysfunction is dependent upon the _____________ and the ______________.

11. Supplies blood to the SA and AV nodes in the right atrium and both ventricles; however it supplies more blood to the right ventricle.

12. ____ prevents the synthesis of nitric oxide (thus causing vasoconstriction), induces myocyte apoptosis, and causes weakness and weight loss.

13. A newborn has ________________ and ____________________ which increase oxygen demands may cause acute decompensation of the newborn.

14. Myocardial relaxation occurs when...

15. ______________ is released which causes vasoconstriction and fluid retention. This contributes to the edema that persons with heart failure experience and exacerbates hyponatremia.

16. Ideal total cholesterol?

17. Effects of aging on Heart Rate

18. ________________ results from the accumulation of fat, WBC, platelets and other substances in the vessel wall and forms a plaque in the intima of the artery.

19. Glycogen stores decrease and glycolysis is not able to supply all the needed energy to the heart and this leads to less _______________________.

20. ___________ is dependent upon the amount of preload which stretches the left ventricle and promotes contraction, the stimulation by endogenous positive inotropic agent such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, the presence of negative inotropic agents which include medications and cytokines and the adequacy myocardial oxygenation.

21. A change in the heart rate or stroke volume will alter _____________.

22. Can occur singly or along with systolic heart failure. __________________________ is defined as pulmonary congestion despite a normal stroke volume and cardiac output. It is the cause of approximately 50% of all cases of left heart failure and is most common in women.

23. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System is activated by __________ renal blood flow. The end result is a release of angiotensin II and aldosterone.

24. High aortic pressures or high systemic vascular resistance (such as that which is seen in hypertensive patients) results in a _______ afterload.

25. Heart failure may occur as a result of an __________ preload, which causes a decline in stroke volume and a back-up into the pulmonary circulation