1. The infant/child will have a harsh holosystolic murmur at the lower, left sternal border. They are at an increased risk of developing endocarditis at some point in their lifetime. Newborns are relatively asymptomatic but after PVR decreases, the left to right shunt occurs creating a murmur. Infants with a large ___________ will develop heart failure and have poor weight gain. Adults will develop pulmonary HTN, cyanosis and clubbing.

2. Ventricular action potentials: Phase ___ represents the resting membrane potential of -85mV. There is high potassium permeability from the potassium channels.

3. Systolic HF most commonly refers to the _____________ of the heart but right ventricular systolic dysfunction can happen too.

4. __________ is the most common dysrhythmia. It increases the risk for stroke and these individuals typically need to be on anticoagulation to prevent this complication. It is more common in elderly.

5. Incidence increases with age and after age 65 it is more common in women. African Americans and person with diabetes have an increased risk.

6. The ___________ in cigarette smoke causes the release of the catecholamines which in turn causes vasoconstriction and high blood pressure.

7. This disorder is marked by an early diastolic murmur.

8. Comprised of two things, the end diastolic volume and the end diastolic pressure.

9. The vasoconstriction causes ________ peripheral vascular resistance.

10. Is an impairment in left ventricular contraction (systole), which results in an EF of < 40% . Myocardial infarction is the most common cause, other causes include myocarditis and cardiomyopathies.

11. These medications will prevent the progression of heart failure, remodeling and may improve the systolic function. They decrease mortality too.

12. Fetal circulation: From the pulmonary artery it will pass through the _____________ (which is a connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta) into the aorta.

13. This age-related event is associated with the onset of hypertension and increases the risk for cardiovascular events, dementia and death.

14. The pathological consequences of a _________________ are directly caused by the amount of blood being shunted. Volume overload occurs in the _________ of the heart. This leads to pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy (secondary to pulmonary HTN), left ventricular hypertrophy (secondary to increased blood return to the LV), and later a reversal of the shunt because the right side of the heart will end up with higher pressures than the left and the shunt reverses. This is known as _______________________.

15. Risk factors for ventricular septal defects

16. At age _______ the ventricles are equal in size. As the infant grows the heart increases in size.

17. The severity of cardiac dysfunction is dependent upon the _____________ and the ______________.

18. Right to left sided shunt: If the SaO2 remains at ________________ cyanosis is not likely to develop because the shunting is minimal.

19. Silent ischemia also may occur in some individuals during _________ and _________.

20. Venticular action potentials: Phase ____ is known as a plateau phase. The voltage gated Ca+ channels open which allows for the influx of Ca+ into the cell. This influx balances out the potassium efflux thus causing a temporary plateau in the repolarization. The influx of Ca+ triggers the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus causes myocardial contraction.

21. Supplies blood to the SA and AV nodes in the right atrium and both ventricles; however it supplies more blood to the right ventricle.

22. Transmit action potentials fast (through intercalated disks), synthesize more ATP (because of a large number of mitochondria), and have readier access to ions in the interstitum because of an (abundance of transverse tubules). These factors enable the myocardium to work constantly.

23. A necessary component for the manufacture of such essential substances as bile acids and steroid hormones. Although ______________ can easily be obtained from dietary fat intake, most body cells also can manufacture ______________.

24. Causes pain with ambulation and movement.

25. Smoking generates the production of _____________ which damage the endothelial cells. Cigarette smoking also causes damage to the vessel wall.