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NAQT You Gotta Know: History

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NAQT You Gotta Know: History

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1. The 'I Have a Dream' Speech

(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(February 1942) Japan's offensive in southeast Asia also struck at the British Empire. Japanese aircraft sank the British battleship Prince of Wales and drove obsolete British aircraft from the skies over the Malay Peninsula. Allied troops were driven back toward Singapore, Britain's major base in the Far East. Reinforcements from Britain and Australia arrived too late to repair the situation, and British general Arthur Percival was forced to surrender in February 1942. The loss of Singapore stunned the British Empire. Many Indian prisoners captured at Singapore switched sides to fight for the Japanese; British and Australian POWs labored in terrible conditions on the Siam-Burma railway depicted in the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

2. Capetians

(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(February 1942) Japan's offensive in southeast Asia also struck at the British Empire. Japanese aircraft sank the British battleship Prince of Wales and drove obsolete British aircraft from the skies over the Malay Peninsula. Allied troops were driven back toward Singapore, Britain's major base in the Far East. Reinforcements from Britain and Australia arrived too late to repair the situation, and British general Arthur Percival was forced to surrender in February 1942. The loss of Singapore stunned the British Empire. Many Indian prisoners captured at Singapore switched sides to fight for the Japanese; British and Australian POWs labored in terrible conditions on the Siam-Burma railway depicted in the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.

3. Vespasian

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(February 1942) Japan's offensive in southeast Asia also struck at the British Empire. Japanese aircraft sank the British battleship Prince of Wales and drove obsolete British aircraft from the skies over the Malay Peninsula. Allied troops were driven back toward Singapore, Britain's major base in the Far East. Reinforcements from Britain and Australia arrived too late to repair the situation, and British general Arthur Percival was forced to surrender in February 1942. The loss of Singapore stunned the British Empire. Many Indian prisoners captured at Singapore switched sides to fight for the Japanese; British and Australian POWs labored in terrible conditions on the Siam-Burma railway depicted in the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai.

4. Fall of Singapore

(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(February 1942) Japan's offensive in southeast Asia also struck at the British Empire. Japanese aircraft sank the British battleship Prince of Wales and drove obsolete British aircraft from the skies over the Malay Peninsula. Allied troops were driven back toward Singapore, Britain's major base in the Far East. Reinforcements from Britain and Australia arrived too late to repair the situation, and British general Arthur Percival was forced to surrender in February 1942. The loss of Singapore stunned the British Empire. Many Indian prisoners captured at Singapore switched sides to fight for the Japanese; British and Australian POWs labored in terrible conditions on the Siam-Burma railway depicted in the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai.

5. Alexander I

(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1777 - 1825; r. 1801 - 1825) Alexander I took the throne in 1801 when his repressive father Paul was assassinated and immediately set out on a more liberal course, but he left his strongest supporters disappointed. He is best known for his wars with Napoleon (first as an ally and then as an enemy), and for seeking to establish a Holy Alliance in the years that followed. Alexander was an eccentric and a religious mystic. Some even say that he didn't really die in 1825: instead, they argue, he faked his own death, became a hermit, and died in a monastery in 1864.

6. Lydia

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.Iron-Age kingdom that encompassed most of western Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) and had its capital at Sardis. Lydians are credited with inventing coins, and their last king, Croesus, was famous for being fabulously wealthy. When Croesus asked the Oracle at Delphi about his war plans, Croesus was told that if he attacked the Persians, he would destroy a great empire. This came true as Cyrus the Great defeated Croesus and sacked Sardis.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

7. Battle of the Hampton Roads

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(March 9, 1862) A channel in southeastern Virginia was the site of the first major fight between two ironclad ships. The Confederates raised an old wooden boat, the Merrimack, and fit it with ten guns and iron armor plates. Renamed the Virginia, it was captained by Franklin Buchanan. The Union countered by constructing a large oval with a rotating gun, called the Monitor and piloted by John Worden. The Virginia tore through Union wooden ships (the Cumberland, Congress, and Minnesota) but when the Monitor arrived, the two ironclads fought to a stalemate; the Union thus maintained its naval blockade of the Confederacy. The South deliberately destroyed the Virginia two months later. The Monitor sank in a storm off Cape Hatteras in December 1862.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

8. Abraham Lincoln

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.On April 14th, 1865, US President Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth during a showing of the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Lincoln died the next morning at Petersen House across the street. The assassination was part of a wider plot that included failed attempts to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. Prior to shooting the president, Booth shouted the Virginia state motto, sic semper tyrannis ('thus always to tyrants'). Booth fled the theater after the attack. After a two-week manhunt, he was found in a barn in northern Virginia, where he refused to surrender and was killed by Union soldier Boston Corbett. Samuel Mudd, a doctor, was controversially imprisoned for treating the broken leg that Booth suffered during his escape.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

9. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill

John Stuart Mill was a utilitarian philosopher who often is mentioned in conjunction with his works On Liberty (1859) and Utilitarianism (1863). He makes this list, however, because he wrote one of the most influential philosophical defenses of women's rights, The Subjection of Women (1869). Mill claimed that his wife, Harriet Taylor, co-authored this text with him, a claim which is debated by historians. The husband and wife did write several essays together, including a tract advocating women's suffrage titled The Enfranchisement of Women (1851), and Mill recognized his wife as a major contributor to all his greatest works.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'

10. Battle of Actium

(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'At this battle in 31 BC, the fleet of Octavian defeated the combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony near what is now Preveza in the Ambracian Gulf of Greece. Marcus Agrippa commanded Octavian's fleet, which consisted of small, nimble Liburnian ships. Antony's fleet consisted of massive Quinqueremes, which were less mobile. Following his victory in the battle, Octavian titled himself Princeps, and later Augustus. To some, Actium signals the end of the Roman Republic.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.

11. Rosa Parks

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'Arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955, disobeying driver James F. Blake's order to move to the 'colored section' of the bus. She collaborated with Edgar Nixon and other leaders of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) to organize the Montgomery bus boycott, which lasted from December 1955 (four days after her arrest) until December 1956.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

12. Corinth

The location of this city—on the land route to the Peloponnese, and with a placement at the Isthmus of Corinth that allowed it to have harbors on the Saronic and Corinthian Gulfs—made it a major trade center. The tyrant Periander is credited with building the Diolkos, a four- to five-mile long paved track across the Isthmus that allowed transport of ships and heavy goods much faster than could be achieved by sailing all the way around the Peloponnese.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.

13. Sino-Japanese War

(1937 - 1945) Japan's invasion of China was the primary cause of World War II in East Asia. As early as 1931, Japanese forces occupied Manchuria and set up a puppet state called Manchukuo. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 resulted in open war between Japan and China. Japanese forces committed notorious atrocities during the invasion of China, including the 1937 massacres known as the Rape of Nanking. The Chinese war effort was hindered by internal conflict between Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist Kuomintang government and the communist insurgency led by Mao Zedong. Between 1942 and 1945 central China was largely cut off from the outside world due to Japanese conquest of coastal ports; Allied support was limited to air power deployed over the Himalayas from India, including the fighter pilots known as the 'Flying Tigers.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'

14. Bourbon

(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(France, 1589 - 1792) The first Bourbon king was Henry IV, who was victorious in the War of the Three Henrys and issued the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing religious freedom. Notable Bourbon rulers included Louis XIV and Louis XVI (who was beheaded during the French Revolution). Following Napoleon's fall, the Bourbons briefly ruled France again until the July Revolution of 1830. Spain has also been ruled mostly by the Bourbons since 1700.

15. Thebes

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'The main city of Boeotia, a region of the southern Greek mainland just west of Attica. Thebes allied with Sparta during the Peloponnesian War, but the two cities quickly became enemies following the war. Thebes established the Sacred Band, an elite force of three hundred soldiers consisting of pairs of male lovers, and broke the hegemony of Sparta at the 371 BC Battle of Leuctra. However, Thebes fell from power quickly, fighting on the losing side at the 338 BC Battle of Chaeronea against the Macedonians led by Philip II, and the city was destroyed three years later by Alexander the Great following an unsuccessful revolt.

16. Suffragettes

(Early 20th century) In the early 20th century, many different groups began to clamor for voting rights to be extended to women. The most militant advocates for women's suffrage became known as Suffragettes. This term is especially associated with Emmeline Pankhurst and her organization, the Women's Social and Political Union. In the 1910s, many Suffragettes adopted militant tactics to draw attention to their cause, including Emily Davison's protest at the Epsom Derby in 1913 when she was trampled and killed by the King's horse, a slashing attack by Mary Richardson on Diego Velázquez's Rokeby Venus in 1914, and the 1914 bombing of the Coronation Chair inside Westminster Abbey. Many Suffragettes who were arrested went on hunger strikes, leading the government of Herbert Asquith to pass the Cat and Mouse Act, which allowed hunger strikers to be released and subsequently re-arrested. In 1918, Parliament finally extended voting rights to women over the age of 30 who met property qualifications.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'

17. Gibbons v Ogden

(1824, 6 - 0) Thomas Gibbons and Aaron Ogden were partners in a steamboat business that ferried people between New York and New Jersey. Ogden had purchased a license granting him a monopoly under New York law. After the partners suffered a disagreement and split up, Gibbons applied for and received a federal permit to run a similar business. Ogden sued Gibbons for violating Ogden's monopoly. In a unanimous decision, Marshall held that Congress' interstate regulatory power under the Commerce Clause had 'no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution.' Gibbons' federal permit trumped Ogden's state-granted monopoly.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.

18. USS Constitution

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.Better known as 'Old Ironsides,' the Constitution was one of the first six ships commissioned by the U.S. Navy after the American Revolution. Launched from Boston in 1797, the Constitution first saw action as the squadron flagship in the Quasi-War with France from 1799-1801 and also fought in the Barbary War and the War of 1812. She later served many years as the nation's flagship in the Mediterranean. Retired from active duty in 1846, the words of Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem 'Old Ironsides' saved her from the scrap yard—she became the training ship of the U.S. Naval Academy until the mid-1880s. She became the symbolic flagship of the U.S. Navy in 1940 and is now a floating museum in Boston.

19. Cordell Hull

(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1933 - 1944, Roosevelt) Known as 'Father of the United Nations,' Hull was a Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 1945 for his work in founding that organization. He sent a namesake note to Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor making a futile attempt to force the Japanese out of French Indochina, China, and Manchukuo, in accordance with his predecessor's Stimson Doctrine.

20. Hillary Clinton

(2009 - 2013, Obama) Hillary Rodham Clinton is a former Senator from New York and the wife of former president William Jefferson Clinton. President Clinton appointed Hillary as the face of the failed 1993 health care bill. She also sought the Democratic nomination for President in 2008, losing to eventual President Barack Obama. During her term, she presented a 'reset button' to Russia and accepted formal responsibility for failures in consulate security that led to the death of Ambassador Christopher Stephens in Benghazi.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

21. USS Nautilus

In 1951 Congress authorized construction of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine. On December 12 of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name Nautilus. She was launched on January 21, 1954. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, the Nautilus became the first commissioned nuclear-powered ship in the U.S. Navy. On the morning of January 17, 1955, Nautilus' Commander Wilkinson signaled 'Underway on Nuclear Power.' In 1958 she departed Pearl Harbor under top-secret orders to conduct 'Operation Sunshine,' the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.

22. Aurelian

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(215 - 275; r. 270 - 275) Reconquered the territory lost during the Crisis of the Third Century by defeating Zenobia of the Palmyrene Empire and retaking Gaul and Britain

23. Ming Dynasty

(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(1368 - 1644) The last native dynasty of China; its rulers came from the Zhu family. The use of the word 'china' to describe fine porcelain originated from this period, as the Ming were well-known for producing high-quality porcelain. Its founding ruler, Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu), was a peasant leader of the Red Turbans who helped expel the Mongol Yuan rulers from China. He was succeeded by his grandson, who quickly lost power to Zhu Di (Emperor Yongle). During the reign of the Yongle emperor, the eunuch Zheng He led treasure fleets on seven voyages to display Chinese greatness. Zhu Di moved China's capital to Beijing. After his death, the Ming dynasty banned maritime commerce, which left the dynasty vulnerable to pirates. The Ming dynasty came to an end after the rebellion of Li Zicheng, which was caused by inadequate government response to inflation, famine, and floods. Simultaneously, the Manchu people — tributaries of the Ming from northeast China in what is now Manchuria — marched on the Great Wall. The Manchus suppressed Li Zicheng's revolt and took power in Beijing themselves.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

24. Battle of the Pyramids and Battle of the Nile

(July 21 and August 1 - 3, 1798, Egypt) After his victory over Austria, Napoleon proposed crossing the Mediterranean and invading Egypt. While the stated goal of this expedition was to strike a blow against British trade with the Middle East and Asia, it also catered to Napoleon's fascination with antiquity. A team of scientists followed his military expedition, whose most lasting result was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, unearthed by soldiers digging to construct a fort in the Nile delta. Napoleon supposedly cried 'Soldiers, forty centuries look down upon you' at the 1798 Battle of the Pyramids, where his troops used modern artillery and large square formations to ward off a cavalry charge by the Egyptian Mamluks. French control of Egypt, however, was dependent on communications across the Mediterranean, which were interrupted by the Royal Navy's attack on the French fleet in Aboukir Bay in early August. British victory at the Nile forced Napoleon to abandon his army and return to France.(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.

25. The Vandals

(France, 987 - 1328) The Capetians' first monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. The rule of the Capetians ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.(9 - 79; r. 69 - 79) Emerged from the Year of the Four Emperors in 69 AD to found the Flavian Dynasty, and later commissioned the Colosseum.(1963) Delivered by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. King began his oration by calling the promise of the Declaration of Independence a 'bad check' given to African Americans and urging action 'until justice rolls down like waters.' After singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged him to 'tell them about the dream,' King described his vision of former slaves and slaveholders sitting 'at the table of brotherhood' and of his children being judged by 'the content of their character' rather than by their race. The speech concluded by proclaiming 'free at last, Great God almighty, we are free at last.'One of several peoples who crossed the frozen Rhine River into Roman Gaul on New Years' Eve, 406. From Gaul they moved into Spain and across the Strait of Gibraltar to attack Roman Africa. By 439 the Vandals had occupied Carthage, gaining control of the grain trade and possession of a substantial navy. They used this to embark on a second career as Mediterranean pirates; their sack of Rome in 455 under King Gaiseric was reputedly much more destructive than the Visigothic one 45 years earlier. The ravages of the Vandals so dismayed Roman observers that 'vandalism' still indicates senselessly destructive behavior. Like the Ostrogoths, the Vandals were targets of the Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempted reconquest of the western Mediterranean; Justinian's general Belisarius smashed the Vandal army at Tricamerum in December 533.

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

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