(1792 - 1878; r. 1846 - 1878) The longest-reigning pope in history. He reigned during Italian unification and remained a 'prisoner in the Vatican' after the capture of Rome led to the annexation of the Papal States. Afterward, he rejected a Law of Guarantees that sought to define the rights of the Church within the Kingdom of Italy. Pius defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in the decree Ineffabilis Deus and established papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council. He released a controversial list of 80 heresies in his Syllabus of Errors.

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1. (1792 - 1878; r. 1846 - 1878) The longest-reigning pope in history. He reigned during Italian unification and remained a 'prisoner in the Vatican' after the capture of Rome led to the annexation of the Papal States. Afterward, he rejected a Law of Guarantees that sought to define the rights of the Church within the Kingdom of Italy. Pius defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in the decree Ineffabilis Deus and established papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council. He released a controversial list of 80 heresies in his Syllabus of Errors.