An object of mass m sits on a flat table. The Earth pulls on this object with force mg, which we will call the action force. What is the reaction force?

Newton's three laws:
Newton's first law: Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.
Newton's second law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object.
Newton's third law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on the first.