In what year was the Duke University study cited by the author published?

Questions below are based on this passage: We all know the drill: the consequences of urban sprawl, Americans' long work hours, and devotion to television and the Internet are doing nothing good for American communities. A new study by sociologists at Duke University and the University of Arizona adds more grist to this mill, noting that Americans in 2004 had smaller networks of people with whom they talk about matters important to them than they did in 1985. (Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks Over Two Decades, American Sociological Review, June 2006.) In 1985,... Show more

Questions below are based on this passage:

We all know the drill: the consequences of urban sprawl, Americans' long work hours, and devotion to television and the Internet are doing nothing good for American communities. A new study by sociologists at Duke University and the University of Arizona adds more grist to this mill, noting that Americans in 2004 had smaller networks of people with whom they talk about matters important to them than they did in 1985. (Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks Over Two Decades, American Sociological Review, June 2006.) In 1985, Americans had three confidants, in 2004, we averaged two. The number of Americans who had no one with whom to talk about important matters almost doubled in 2004 to over 25%. Increasingly, most confidants are family: in 2004, 80% of people talked only to family about important matters and about 9% of people depended totally on their spouse. This decrease in confidants is part (a result) of the same trend that's leaving fewer people knowing their neighbors or participating in social clubs or public affairs than in the past (phenomena noted in the book Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert Putnam and Lewis Feldstein). We know a lot of people, but not necessarily very well. Left to our own devices and cultural trends then, we seem to be moving in an unpleasant direction. Communities are formed ad hoc, around specific shared individual interests. This wouldn't be bad, of course, except that those communities seem to exist only within the constraints of those shared interests, and don't develop into close and meaningful relationships. The transient and specific nature of many of our relationships today can keep us socially busy without building the lasting relationships and communities that we want. So what do we do about it if we want to change things?

Harvard University's School of Government put together 150 ways to increase what they call 'social capital' (the value of our social networks). Among their suggestions are: support local merchants, audition for community theater or volunteer to usher, participate in political campaigns, start or join a carpool, eat breakfast at a local gathering spot on Saturdays, and stop and make sure the person on the side of the highway is OK.

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