Read the passage below and answer the questions (45-50) that follow, based on your understanding of the passage : Jerome S. Bruner is a cognitive psychologist, with primary interest in the development of mental abilities. He had a major impact on the education profession with the publication of his book The process of education (I960). He later proposed some theorems regarding instruction, illustrated by the teaching of mathematics, and moved further toward a theory of instruction in a subsequent collection of essays (Bruner, 1966). In the latter, he points out that a theory of instruction is prescriptive in propose rules for achieving knowledge or skill and provides techniques for measuring or evaluating outcomes. It is also normative, in that it sets goals to be achived and deals with conditions for meeting them. He goes on to specify four features that a theory of instruction must evaluate :1. Predisposition to learn. A theory of instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that will tend to make the child willing andnd able to leam when he or she enters school.2. Structure of knowledge. It must specify the ways in which the body of knowledge should be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner.3. Sequence. It should specify the most effective sequences to present the materials.4. Reinforcement It should specify the nature and pacing of rewards, moving from extrinsic rewards to intrinsic ones. Bruner has taken the position that with sufficent understanding of the structure of a field of knowledge, something anticipating the later, more advanced concepts can be taught appropriately at much earlier ages. His aphorism has been widely quoted : ''Any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development''. The developmental aspect of Brunei theory lies in his interest in cognitive development, originally stimulated by Piaget. This has led him to emphasize three modes of representation in a devlopment sequence : the enactive, the iconic, and the symbolic. The enactive mode is learning through action, an essentially wordless learning, such as learning to ride biycle. The iconic mode is based on representation through perceptual means (hence the ''icon'' image standing for something). A mental map that permits us to follow a route from where we are to where we are going constitutes such an iconic representation. Final ly, the symbol ic mode enables the translation of experience into words, and these permit eventually the kinds of transformations that at the later stages become of so much interest to Piaget.45. This passage shows that Bruner is primarily concerned with :

2000+ psychology questions.

The UGC NET Psychology exam (paper 2) will have 100 questions and the total duration will be two hours. Each question carries 2 marks, so the exam will be worth 200 marks.

NTA UGC NET Psychology Syllabus:

1. Perceptual Processes :
2. Learning Process :
3. Memory and forgetting : 
4. Thinking and Problem Solving :
5. Motivation and Emotion : 
6. Human Abilities :
7. Personality :
8. Research Methodology : 
9. Measurement and Testing : 
10. Biological Basis of Behaviour :