Comprehension Read the following passage carefully and answer questions 11 to 15. For all the disagreement in the industry about the future of aviation, there is perfect accord on one point : There is going to be a lot more of it. The world’s air passengers flew a combined 7.64 trillion kilometers in 2017. By 2037, that will rise to 18.97 trillion kilometers, with about 40% of the increase happening within five intra-regional markets : China, India, North-America, Europe and South-east Asia. That is sparking a battle over the biggest bottleneck holding back this growth : airports. The governments that still own many of them should be more open to privatisation to cover a $ 78 billion funding gap in needed capital investments. Airlines, airports’ biggest customers, see things differently. Costs at privatised terminals are higher and governments should be cautious about such actions in the interests of expanding the aviation sector as a whole. Privatising an airport does not necessarily make it more efficient. A study has found there was little difference between the performance of airports 100% owned by commercially-oriented government corporations and those majority controlled by private businesses. The key is instead to avoid structures where the incentives for managers are confused or misaligned, such as where private companies are brought in as minority investors or where managers are essentially bureaucrats swayed by political imperatives. There is a better solution out there, but it is not likely to be very attractive to incumbent airlines, airports, or passengers enamoured of the current generation of gleaming terminals : build more, cheaper airports.11. What is the growth rate in aviation apart from the five intra-regional markets?

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The UGC NET General Paper on Teaching & Research Aptitude is an exam designed to test the teaching and research skills of Indian teachers to determine their eligibility for college lectureship.