Imperialism 

The motives for Western imperialism
Europeans wanted to gain land for settlements. Jamestown, Plymouth, Canada, etc. (Religious, Idealogical, exploratory)

The advantages Europeans had over 'natives'
Maxim Gun- 1889 automatic machine gun.
Steam Engine- Travel upstream into Africa.
Railroads, Cables, and Steam ships.
 Allowed for better communication.
Quinine- Protected against Malaria.
Africans weren't unified to stop them.

The struggle for Indian independence
The India Act fueled tension between the Hindus and Muslims. Indian Muslims were outnumbered by the Hindus.
The Muslims feared that Hindus would control India if it won Independency.

The views of China and Japan toward foreigners
The Chinese tried to isolate themselves and tried to get rid of them.

Japanese imperialism: Sino-Japanese war, Russo-Japanese war
(1894-5)
Sino =China
China & Japan fight over Korea.
China defeated in a few months & destroyed Chinese navy
Japan got:
Taiwan
Sphere of influence in Korea (1910 annexed)

(1904)
Boxer Rebellion forced European powers to send troops to China to suppress rebels.
Russia left troops occupying Manchuria
Wanted further expansion in Asia
Manchuria had natural resources (coal and iron)
Russia & Japan both had interests in Korea
Hostilities arose
Russia thought they had the most powerful army
Surprise attacked by Japan
Russian fleet destroyed.
Japan got: Southern half of Sakhalin Island, Port Arthur, Russia's sphere of influence in Manchuria.

What is Imperialism?
The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of a people.

How does nationalism influence imperialism?
The people were all loyal to their country and wanted independence after finally having enough of another countries rule, so they fought for independence.
More colonies= strong national pride.
Competition between Western nations.
Who could be the strongest?
New technology: Weaponry
Many were itching to use it.
Show their military strength!

What did imperialists want from Africa & India?
They wanted their natural resources.
They wanted more Industrialization.

What was the Berlin Conference? What impact did it have on Imperialism?
(1884-1885)
European countries, Turkey, and the U.S. set rules for dividing Africa.
A nation had to:
1. Make a formal announcement of its claim.
2. Occupy the claimed territory.

It made who got the land much easier.

How did Social Darwinism influence imperialism?
Social Darwinism showed that everyone wasn't equal, so they imperialism was the best option, which would make everyone equals.

What was Africa like before imperialism? How was Africa changed by imperialism?
(Pre-1850)
Hundreds of Ethnic and religious groups.
Over 1,000 languages.
Large empires to small villages.
NOT UNIFIED!!!!!

European leaders sent people into Africa to make treaties with Chiefs.
Abused Africans: Forced labor to look for natural resources.
Rapid Industrialization.

By what methods did western nations gain territory and how did they control the people?
The East India Company made treaties with local Indian Princes and Warlords, along with ruling some areas in India such as Bengal, kept the company under its authority.
The company also used three large private armies to protect its property and to expand its control over Indian territory.

Why was India considered the 'Jewel of the crown'?
Major supplier of raw materials.
300 million people-market for British goods.
Tea, Indigo, Coffee, Wheat, Cotton, Jute, and Opium. (addictive drug)

How did India benefit from British colonization? How was it hurt?
By 1900 European nations and the U.S. controlled more than 90% of Africa , 50% of Asia, and nearly all Polynesia.
Great Britain controlled the local economy.
Forced to grow cash crops, which resulted in famine.
British racist towards Indians.

What problems made unification of India difficult?
The India Act fueled tension between the Hindus and Muslims. Indian Muslims were outnumbered by Hindus. They feared that the Hindus would control India if it won Independency.

How did WWI increase nationalism in India?
Millions of Indians enlisted in the British army.
In return for their service the British government promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-government.
They had to pay sales tax on salt(Indians).
Gandhi and his troops walked about 240 miles to the seacoast to collect salt water so that they could let it evaporate and get the salt from it.

How did Mohandas Gandhi 'fight' for Indian independence?
His plan evolved from his deeply religious approach to political activity. His teachings blended ideas from all the major world religions, including Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. Attracted millions of followers. They started to call him Mahatma meaning 'Great Soul'.

How did the British open trade with China?
(1853)
Commodore Matthew Perry took 4 ships into what is now Tokyo.
The ships were powered by steam and had cannons, which astounded; shocked the British.
The British gave Tokugawa Shogun the letter from President Millard Fillmore and politely asked to trade with the U.S. or he would shoot Tokyo and burn it down.

How did imperialism affect China and Japan?
Japanese expansion
Was the first non-Western imperial power
Rose to imperial status after facing colonization by the West.

How and why did Japan become an imperialist power?
Japanese expansion was fueled by Social Darwinism, and racism
Japan:
Was the first non-Western imperial power
Rose to imperial status after facing colonization by the West.

How did Japan change during the Meiji Era?
Best way to beat foreigners was to adapt new ways.
Sent diplomats to Europe & the U.S. to learn foreign ways
Adapted
Germany's strong centralized government
Discipline of German army
British navy
American universal public education
Rapid Industrialization!!!!!
Railroads, coal, factories, weapons production, trade, shipbuilding...

Imperialism
The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of a people.

Social Darwinism
Europeans believed others were on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because of their lesser technology.
It was the right and duty of Europeans to bring their way of life to these people.
'Tame the Savages'

Caste System
Top: Brahmins; Priests, Teachers, and Scholars
Second: Kshatriyas: Warriors
Third: Vaishyas; Farmers and Merchants
Lowest Class: Shudras; House and personal servants
*Considered the 'untouchables' and did the work too polluted for others.

Sepoy Mutiny
(1857)
Indians resented racism and Christianity.
The British rifle cartridges that were allegedly greased with animal fat.
(offensive to the religious beliefs of Muslim and Hindu Sepoys)
Sepoys refused to use cartridges-jailed by British.
Sepoys rebelled
A year- long rebellion against the British.

Outcomes of the Mutiny
Muslim and Hindus couldn't agree on action.
British sent troops to put down the rebellion.
Fueled the idea of Indian Nationalism.
First Indian attempt at gaining independence.

Open Door Policy
Declared in 1899 by the U.S.,
Said all could trade with China so no one could take it as a colony.

Meiji Era
(1867-1912)
People were angry that Shogun allowed foreigners into Japan
Emperor Mutsuhito took over government
Reigned for 45 years
Appealed to Japanese pride & nationalism

Best way to beat foreigners was to adapt new ways.
Sent diplomats to Europe & the U.S. to learn foreign ways
Adapted
Germany's strong centralized government
Discipline of German army
British navy
American universal public education
Rapid Industrialization!!!!!
Railroads, coal, factories, weapons production, trade, shipbuilding

Paternalism
European's government in a way that, providing for them but NOT giving them rights.

'White Man's Burden'
A poem about how it was the duty of white Europeans to 'civilize' the dark people of the world.

Empire
A group of states or countries that are under the rule of either an emperor or empress.

Protectorate
A state that is controlled and protected by another.

Sepoys
Indian soldiers that were ruled by British officers.

Salt March
In 1930 Gandhi organized a group of people to defy the hated Salt March. Indians could buy salt from no other source, except for the government.
They had to pay sales tax on salt (Indians). Gandhi and his troops walked about 240 miles to the seacoast where they would collect seawater and then let it evaporate to get the salt.

Extraterritorial Rights
Foreigners in that area didn't have to obey the laws of the local countries.

Treaty of Kanagawa
(1854) Japan opened 2 parts for U.S. trade.
By 1869 other foreigners allowed to trade.
Granted extraterritorial rights.

Commodore Matthew Perry
(1854) Took 4 battleships into Tokyo Harbor
Threatened to fire on city if Japan didn't agree to trade with U.S.

Cash Crops
British made Indians grow cash crops. The cash crops led to famine.

Colony
A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

Sphere of influence
Traded with China and Dutch only.
In Korea (1910 annexed)
Was an area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

' Scramble for Africa'
Europeans wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production.
They also competed for new markets for their goods. (Many nations looked to Africa as a source of raw materials and as a market for industrial products)

Civil Disobedience
Non-violently refusing to cooperate with injustice.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Born 1869
Went to England and became a lawyer.
Went to South Africa in 1892:
White Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers) discriminated against Indians .
Adopted 'Civil Disobedience'.
Non-violently refusing to cooperate with injustice.
Jailed many times.
Returned to India 1914.
Worked to free India from British rule.
Strikes, boycotts, of British products...

Boxer Rebellion
Attacked Christians in the countryside.
Marched on Beijing, laid siege of foreign section for 2 months.
International force arrives!
Defeat boxers.
Dragon Empress flees Beijing.

Treaty of Nanjing
(1842)
Great Britain got Hong Kong for 140 years
Returned in 1997
China paid Great Britain huge sum of money (over $10 million)
Extraterritorial Rights: British accused of a crime in China were tried by a British court.
Foreigners ignore Chinese law
Opened more ports to British trade

Direct/Indirect Control
Direct: Local governments officials used, Limited self-rule, Goal: to develop future leaders, and Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules. In Direct: Foreign officials brought in to rule, No self-rule, Goal: Assimilation, and Government institutions are based only on European styles.

Nationalism
Demand more self-rule
Modernize and Westernize India so it could resist foreigners.
Tired of racism attitudes, less pay, barred from top jobs...
Were they able to gain Independence?
NOT YET!

The Raj
British rule over India from: 1757-1947
British control India
The East India Company seized control of most of India in 1757.
Had own army of Sepoys (Indian soldiers) ruled by British officers.
Missionaries arrive to convert Muslims and Hindus.
19th Century (1800s) British government takes over.
Britain considers India its primary colony.

Assimilation
Take on the cultural on another people

Opium War
(1839-1842)
Unproductive population
All money going to Great Britain
Lash users
Publicly execute drug dealers.
1839 Chinese navy (few small ships) took out a British trading ship
British send their powerful navy
Easily capture many seaports
China forced to surrender

Taiping Rebellion
(1851-1864)
Starvation
Corrupt government
Opium addiction
Poverty
Christian Missionaries
Rebellion against Qing Dynasty

Taiping 'Great Peace' Rebellion
1 Million people led by Hong Xiuquan
(Strange version of Christianity)
Believed he was Jesus' little brother
Took over southeastern China and set up capital in Nanjing.
1864 rebellion put down by Qing.
At least 20 million dead.

Isolationism
Japan was; did not allow foreigners into Japan.
Traded with China and Dutch only.

Annexation
Adding more territory into one's own territory for one's own use.

Essay Question: Taking into account the point of view of Western Imperial nations and the weaker countries they colonized, explain the effect imperialism had on the economic, political, and social life of the people.

(Essay) Taking into account the point of view of Western Imperial nations and the weaker countries they colonized, the effect imperialism had on the economic, political, and social life of the people was huge. Imperialism was from around the 1800-1900s. The economic part of it was mostly positive for both the Western Imperial nations and the weaker countries. For the political part of things it mostly worked in for the upper hand; the Western Imperial nations than the weaker countries. And for the social part of it is about half positive and half negative for both the Western Imperial countries and the weaker countries.
Developed colonies natural resources.
Westerns: positive because it gave them more resources.
Weaker countries: negative because it took all of their resources and gave them to the more powerful countries.
Exploited the native workers by requiring long hours for little pay.
Western's: positive because they were getting a lot of work done and barely having to pay the workers anything,
 Weaker countries: negative because they have to work a lot and barely get paid = not being able to get a lot of food.
In India, natives refused to purchase British products
 Western's: negative because they aren't getting money from their products being sold and their products just aren't being sold.
Weaker countries: positive because they can make their own cloth and they don't have to pay for the expensive British cloth anymore.
Improved transportation and communication, furthered agriculture and established industries
Western's: positive because there is more transportation and communication.
Weaker countries: positive because there is more transportation, so more food can travel around to people.
Westerners halted native warfare and prohibited slavery.
 Western's: positive because they stopped the natives warfare.
Weaker countries: positive because slavery was no longer allowed.
Trained the colonial peoples in self-government (how to rule your own nation)
Western's: positive because they still get to control the weaker countries.
Weaker countries: positive because they get some control over how their country is run.
Western nations gained military bases around the world
Western's: positive because they have a very strong sturdy military.
Weaker countries: The Westerners have a very strong military so they could hurt the weaker countries even more.
Competition grew among Western nations
Western's: negative because their is a lot of competition and fighting against the Western countries.
Weaker countries: They don't have to deal with the fighting because they aren't apart of their nations.
Constructed educational and health facilities, such as schools, hospitals, and sanitation projects.
Western's: positive because their is better sanitation and education for them.
Weaker countries: positive because there is more hospitals to take care of the sick, which would most likely be for them and not as much needed for the Western countries. And also there is a better education for everyone.
Christian missionaries tried to convert native people.
Social Darwinism
Western's: positive because they had all of the higher technologies and because they had everything that the weaker countries didn't have.
Weaker countries: negative because they are always being put down by the Western countries of how they don't have that much. Also they really don't have that much.
Westerners introduced previously unknown disease like small pox.
Western's: positive because they had quinine to protect them against the diseases.
Weaker countries: negative because they didn't have anything to protect themselves against the diseases so a lot of people got sick and died.
Assumed an attitude of racial and cultural superiority, discriminated against the colonial peoples, and degraded their native cultures
Western's: positive because they think that their culture is better than everyone's.
Weaker countries: negative because their cultures are being degraded.
Imperialism effected the economic, political, and social life of the Western Imperial nation and the Weaker Countries. (Start of conclusion paragraph)