Chinese Cultural Revolution (Notes)

1. What is Confucianism and how does it define the core of traditional chinese values?
1. System of social and ethical policy/ religion
2. Participant should conform to his/her proper role
3. Criticize rulers and refuse to serve the corrupt
4. Respect, honor, loyalty

2. How did Sun, Chiang and Mao act as revolutionary leaders that shaped the development of the Chinese revolutionary movement?
1. Sun created a secret group where he began to build support for a new order-> took out old order and began putting new leadership in place
2. Chiang-> tried to create democracy, new ideal that china had not seen before
3. Mao-> communism, new ideology that was appealing to the majority of the chinese

3. What were the new economic ideologies that impacted the Chinese revolutionary movement? Why was communism appealing in China?
1. 70% of chinese peasants without enough food
2. 90% of population were peasants
3. eliminated social classes
4. equal distribution of wealth
5. Communism/socialism, &democracy

4. How was propaganda used to advance the goals of the Cultural Revolution?
1. Convinced the younger generation of communist ideals
2. In the book^ propaganda wall, everyone could see it and it inspired her and her friends
3. Eliminated any other ideas besides ones that were 'red' or supported the growth of the CCP

5. How does Red Scarf Girl illustrate the human and psychological impact of revolution? (Consider issues of identity, loyalty, individuality per the guiding questions for the book)
1. Eliminated identity and a good education from a young generation
2. Identity was decreased
3. Forced children to choose their country over their families
4. Individual thoughts or opinions were stamped out

6. How revolutionary were the goals of the Cultural Revolution? To what extent did the Cultural Revolution seek to radically change Chinese society?
1. Radical changes
1. Change from Confucianism to communism
2. Respect of family to respect of country
3. Old were respected and now young are the prized generation

Confucianism / 5 relationships:
 A system of social and ethical philosophy rather than a religion
 Conforming and reforming side
 Older brother -> younger brother
 Husband-> wife
 Friend->friend
 Father->son
 Ruler-> subject

Emperor and Mandate of Heaven
 As long as the ruler does what's in the people's best interests, he will maintain the mandate

Social classes: scholar-bureaucrats/gendry/peasant/merchants
 Scholar-bureaucrats- study for civil service test; if you pass you are part of the civil service. Very few people pass the test and it is a great honor.
 Gentry- wealthy landowners, study Confucian ideals, civil service
 Peasants- most Chinese, farmers, live in small villages.
 Merchants- lower status than peasants because riches come from other people's work. some buy land, some educate children to become gendry

Qing dynasty and why it fell
Sun Yat-sen organized a secret society whose aim was to overthrow the Qing and establish a republic. He gathered support globally and in 1911, a spark in china caused the revolution to begin. It was an investigation of a bomb blowout, where the revolutionary headquarters was discovered. there was a list of names discovered. The rebels seized three cities easily.

Role of Foreign influence in China during Qing
 reduced, cut off most of the trade

Adam Smith/Capitalism/Laissez Faire
 government has no control
 no regulation or interferance

Charles Fourier/Socialism
 factors of protection are owned by the public and and operate for the wellfare of all
 reduce gaps in social classes
 eliminate giant peaks and dips in the economy- stability

Karl Marx/Communism
 extremist/radical form of socialism
 completely eliminates social classes
 the government/public controlls/owns everything

Proletariat/Bourgeoisie
 bourgeoise- upper class/ 'haves'
 proletariat- lower class/ 'have nots'

'Four Olds'
 old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits
 remnants of old society that interfeared with the creation of a modern, socialist society
 used as an excuse to attack people and destroy property

'Five Black Categories'
 according to Chairman Mao and the Communist party, the worst enemies of Communism are the common people. The five categories were: landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, criminals, and rightists

dai-zi-bao
 a form of propaganda in the shape of a large handwritten poster presenting an important issue.
 used to attack and humiliate people

'Precious Red Book'
 the common name for a pocket sized edition of Selected Quotations from the Writings of Chairman Mao
 During the cultural revolution it was quoted frequently in schools, workplaces, and political meetings
 Many people, especially Red Guards and enthusiastic revolutionaries, carried it everywhere

Rightist
A member of a conservative party who disagreed with or opposed the communist party

Commune
 Housing system where families are separated and one lives with those that they work with
 One commune could farm 40 acres of land and all of the people that live there have to work the same land together

Red Guards
During the Cultural Revolution, a very popular, semiformal organization of high school and college students who were from 'red' family backgrounds or who, though not 'red', had proved themselves to be firm revolutionaries. They were Chairman Mao's loyal supporters and the pioneers of the cultural revolution.

Sun Yat-Sen
Collapse of qing
 Father of the chinese republic
 Partenered with the soviets

Chiang Kai-shek
 Nationalist army
 Victory over warlords
 Communists and nationalists in same army- tensions
 Paused civil war for WW2
 Army was too large to support
 Out of touch with common people of China

Nationalist Party
The party of Chiang Kai-shek, which ruled China from 1928 until the Communist victory in 1949. The Nationalist Party led a revolution against the emperor in 1911 and tried to establish a democracy. They were defeated by the Communist Party in 1949 and withdrew in Taiwan. The Nationalists continue to rule the island of Taiwan today.

Mao Tse-tung
 The chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, and leader of China from 1949 to 1976.
 Led long march

Cultural Revolution
The social and political upheaval that overtook China. During this time many innocent people were ruthlessly persecuted. The cultural revolution was launched by Chairman Mao, supposedly to rid the country of anticommunist influences. Long afterward it was revealed that Mao unleashed this chaos in order to protect his own political position.

Great Leap Forward
A cultural reform in which peasants were sent to live in communes, and work with others
 Went against Confucian ideals
 20 million died
 natural disasters, famine

Cult of Mao' and role of propaganda
 the idea that mao will take care of everything
 ex: a child survived cancer because of Mao
 ex: a ping pong player won because Mao wanted him to, not because he had the skill or could actually win
 Propaganda convinced the chinese that Mao's programs and policies are amazing and will be great
 Filtered out any noncommunist ideal, even if it is one line in a movie

Ji-Li Jiang
The daughter of a landlord during the cultural revolution, her house was searched and many of her friends and relatives were oppressed because they were part of the 'Black Class'