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Physiology Practice Test: Chemical Messengers
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Chemical messengers are molecules that transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles.  Some types of chemical messengers include: Neurotransmitters: These are molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages. Hormones: These are chemicals that carry messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues. Neuropeptides Pheromones  Chemical messengers can also be local or paracrine. Autocrine agents: These are local chemical messengers that are released into the extracellular fluid and act upon the same cells that secreted them. Paracrine... Show more
Physiology Practice Test: Chemical Messengers
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25 Questions

1. Which of the following statements is true for the nervous system but NOT the endocrine system?
2. Endocrine glands secrete neurohormones.
3. Opening channels for which of the following ions can trigger exocytosis?
4. In order to terminate a cAMP-mediated response, the enzyme ________ can be activated to degrade cAMP.
5. Receptors for lipophilic chemical messengers are only located on the surface of a cellʹs membrane.
6. Lipophilic chemical messengers are poorly soluble in water. However, many of these lipophilic messengers are transported throughout the body. Their transport in blood (water) is facilitated by ________.
7. Which of the following proteins is directly activated by a G protein?
8. Which of the following ions binds to calmodulin to ultimately activate a protein kinase?
9. Differences in the rate of activity between fast and slow ligand-gated channels is caused by ________.
10. Cells that secrete dopamine must contain which enzymes?
11. Eicosanoids are released immediately upon synthesis.
12. An equilibrium exists between a hormone that is bound to a carrier protein and a free hormone such that, as the amount of free hormone increases, ________.
13. Which of the following ions can act as a second messenger?
14. Cells that secrete epinephrine must contain which enzymes?
15. Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that add a phosphate group to tyrosine residues on other proteins, changing the conformation of those proteins.
16. In its active form, a G protein will have ________.
17. Albumin is a peptide hormone.
18. Typical responses to ________ messengers require a long time to develop because they necessitate transcription of mRNA and translation of that mRNA into a functional protein.
19. The α1 adrenergic receptor has the greatest affinity for what messenger?
20. Most receptors are relatively non-specific for the ligand that will bind to them.
21. What enzyme catalyzes synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?
22. Which of the following chemical messengers is NOT derived from an amino acid?
23. All the messengers function as neurotransmitters for which of the following chemical classes?
24. Which of the following classes of chemical messengers travels in the bloodstream to the target cell?
25. What is a molecule that is similar in structure to a messenger and binds with that messengerʹs receptor to stimulate a response from the target cell called?