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Must Know History 600-1450 (2)

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Must Know History 600-1450 (2)

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1. Ka'ba

A former Greek Orthodox church and imperial mosque in what was Constantinople. Was built in 537 under the orders of the Emperor Justinian and served as the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople. It is famous for its massive dome and is considered to represent Byzantine architecture. Was converted into a mosque when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453 and Islamic features were added. Is a museum today.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

2. Khadijah

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A former Greek Orthodox church and imperial mosque in what was Constantinople. Was built in 537 under the orders of the Emperor Justinian and served as the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople. It is famous for its massive dome and is considered to represent Byzantine architecture. Was converted into a mosque when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453 and Islamic features were added. Is a museum today.

3. Abbasid Dynasty

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.A former Greek Orthodox church and imperial mosque in what was Constantinople. Was built in 537 under the orders of the Emperor Justinian and served as the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople. It is famous for its massive dome and is considered to represent Byzantine architecture. Was converted into a mosque when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453 and Islamic features were added. Is a museum today.

4. Hagia Sophia

A former Greek Orthodox church and imperial mosque in what was Constantinople. Was built in 537 under the orders of the Emperor Justinian and served as the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople. It is famous for its massive dome and is considered to represent Byzantine architecture. Was converted into a mosque when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453 and Islamic features were added. Is a museum today.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.

5. Chinampas

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. Sometimes referred to as 'floating gardens'. Used often by the ancient Aztects in Tenochtitlan. Created by staking off part of the lake bed and then layering it with mud until it was above the level of the lake. Had very high annual crop yields. Common crops grown were maize, beans, squash, and flowers. Made up 1/2-2/3 of the food consumed in Tenochtitlan.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

6. Charles Martel

A Frankish military leader who was the son of Pepin the Short and the grandfather of Charlemagne. He restored centralized government and began military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the rulers of Gaul. Halted the Islamic advance into Europe at the Battle of Tours. Considered to be the founder of the European Middle Ages. Was a skilled administrator and warrior. Laid the groundwork for the following Carolingian Empire.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.

7. Bourbons

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A European royal house of French origin. Members of the family ended up holding thrones in Spain, Naples, and Sicily was well. Ruled in France until the overthrow of the monarchy during the French Revolution but restored to the throne. The Spanish line of the family (starting with Philip V) has been overthrown and restored several times. The first ______ King was Henry IV, a Protestant who defeated his Catholic rivals for the throne.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.

8. Black Death

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.A devastating epidemic of the bubonic plague peaking in Europe from 1348-1350. Resulted in the deaths of 75 to 200 million people which was 30-60% of Europe's total population. Came along the Silk Road from Central Asia. Most likely carried by fleas living on rats on merchant ships. Other effects included renewed religious fervor and persecution of some minorities. Impacted the art and literature of the time period.

9. Johannes Gutenburg

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A German publisher who introduced printing to Europe. Famous for his invention of mechanical movable type printing, which is regarded as one of the most important events of the modern era. Played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Enlightenment, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. It laid the basis for the spread of learning to the masses. His major work of the _________ Bible has been praised for its high quality. Responsible for introducing the era of mass communication.

10. Jizya

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Under Islamic law, a per capita tax levied on a section of Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens who meet certain criteria. It was a material proof of the non-Muslim's acceptance of the state and its laws. In return, they were allowed to practice their faith, enjoy a measure of autonomy, be entitled to the Muslim state's protection, and were exempted from military service and some other taxes.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

11. Hanseatic League

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea during the Late Middle Ages. Was created to protect economic interests and diplomatic privileges in the cities along the trade routes the merchants visited. Had their own legal system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection and aid. Few enjoyed complete autonomy.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.

12. Malian Empire

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. Founded by Sundiata and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa. Had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws, and customs along the Niger River. It covered a large area and consisted of numerous vassal provinces.

13. Il-Khanate of Persia

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' _______ based in ______. It was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq and lasted from 1256-1335. It initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity before converting to Islam. Eventually broke up into several rival successor states. Opened Iran to Chinese influence and eased trade across Asia.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.

14. Mansa Musa

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.An emperor of the wealthy Malian Empire that ruled from 1312 to 1337. Was a devout Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca that made him famous throughout much of the Islamic world. He built many mosques along the route and gave money to the places that he visited. He started a large building program in Mali of multiple mosques and other monuments. Brought Timbuktu into the empire, which became a center of trade and culture.

15. Benin

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A pre-colonial empire in what is now modern Nigeria. Began as a small city-state before expanding into an empire. First known to other parts of the world when they came into contact with the Portuguese. The system of rule of the Oba was loosely based on the previous Ogiso dynasty, which was military and royal protection in exchange for the use of resources. Also, taxes were paid to the administration. Culture remained heterogeneous and localized. Went through a Golden Age.

16. Hajj

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.An Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are required to go on according to the Five Pillars of Islam. A religious duty that must be carried out by every able-bodied Muslim that can afford it at least once in their lifetime. It is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people and of their submission to God. Hundreds of thousands of people simultaneously converge on Mecca each year and perform a series of rituals together. It based on the life and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

17. 1346-1350 - Bubonic plague in Europe

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.One of the most devestating pandemics in human history, killing approximately 75 to 200 million people. Probably originated in the plains of Central Asia and then traveled along the Silk Road. Carried by rats on merchant ships. Killed 30-60% of Europe's total population. Created a series of religious, social, and economic changes. Shifted the social structure of Europe and resulted in persecution of minorities. Created a general mood of morbidity.

18. Italian Renaissance

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A period of great cultural change and achievement that began in the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century. Was the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. There was renewed interest of the culture of the classics. Most of the changes were concentrated in the elite and life didn't change much for the majority of the population. Best known for the humanist, artistic, and literary achievements of people such as Michelangelo, Petrarch, and Machiavelli.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

19. Angkor Wat

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.A temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. Built as the capital of the Khmer Empire, but instead dedicated to Vishnu, a Hindu god. Gradually transitioned to being used by Therevada Buddhists. Has become an important national symbol of Cambodia. Admired for the style and harmony of its architecture. Its name means 'City of Temples.'

20. Aztecs

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico. They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Their power grew through political alliances and military conquest. Had their capital at Tenochtitlan on an island. Introduced a monarchial system. Their religion reflected their permanent state of war and demanded increasing numbers of human sacrifices. Merchants controlled long-distance trade and women had substantial power. Conquered by the Spanish.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

21. Footbinding

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.The custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth. It possibly originated among court dancers in 10th or 11th century Imperial China but spread during the Song Dynasty. It became common among all except the lowest classes. It was a popular method of displaying status and was adopted as a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. Eventually died out because of changing social conditions and campaigns against it.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.

22. 1071 - Battle of Manzikert

Fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuq Turks. The Byzantine army's decisive defeat and capture of their emperor played an important role in undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia. Resulted in civil conflicts and an economic crisis that severely weakened the Byzantine Empire's ability to defend its borders. Led to the mass movement of the Turks into Anatolia and the Byzantine's eventual collapse.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.

23. Kingdom of Mali

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. Founded by Sundiata and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa. Had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws, and customs along the Niger River. It covered a large area and consisted of numerous vassal provinces.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.

24. Magna Carta

A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.A charter originally issued in Latin in the year 1215. It was the first document forced onto the King of England by a group of his subjects in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights. It was an important part of the process that led to the rule of constitutional law. It was used as a model for many of the colonies that were developing their own legal systems. It said that King John was required to proclaim certain liberties and that his will was not arbitrary.

25. Chinngis (Genghis) Khan / Temujin

The first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Commonly regarded by Muslims as the 'mother of Islam.' She was the first person to convert to Islam. She was a part of the Quraysh tribe in Media and married Muhammad when he fled there from Mecca. When he had his first revelation, she believed him and encouraged him to act on it. She helped him in his work and proclaimed his message. Muhammad honored her greatly when she died.The founder of the Mongol empire. United many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. Before he died, he split his empire among his descendants into khanates. He also officially adopted a type of script as the Mongol writing system and promoted religious tolerance in his empire. Created a military and civil system he used to govern the empire. One of the most diverse and ethnically tolerant empires in history.A cuboid bulding in Mecca that is the most sacred site in Islam. The most sacred mosque is built around it. Muslims are expected to face it during prayers, no matter where they are in the world. Every Muslims is expected to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to this site at least once during their lifetime. It is said to have been built by Abraham and was the first house built for humanity to worship God.Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Became a center of science, culture, philosophy, and invention during the Golden Age of Islam. Increased the inclusion of non-Arab Muslims into the umma. They fell during the Mongol invasion and sacking of Baghdad.

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