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Intro to Audio Engineering

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Intro to Audio Engineering

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1. Passive Radiator

Simplest kind of wave -very rare in nature -contains only one frequencyYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosure

2. Condenser/Capacitor Microphone

3. Proximity Effect

Simplest kind of wave -very rare in nature -contains only one frequencyHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosure

4. What is a Sine Wave?

has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveSimplest kind of wave -very rare in nature -contains only one frequencyHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

5. perception of music changes depending on how loud you listen to it

has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)mix quiet - sound good loud | mix loud - sound like crap quietYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effective

6. What two things have to happen for there to be sound?

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureMotion and a Medium for the sound to travel through

7. Speakers are inefficient. How do we fix?

has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivePut diaphragm in a box, port or vent, and/or have a passive radiatorHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

8. Tape Saturation

when the tape can't hold a stronger field because all the magnets are already magnetized, it is saturized - you can send it a stronger signal but there is not anything to record it - a kind of distortion that is pleasing for some soundsYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

9. Peak Meter - PPM

made of light leds - can follow peaks in music very quickly (presence) -You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

10. Dynamic Microphones

works by the movement of a conductor in a magnetic fieldHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosure

11. Dynamic Range

measure of the quietest to the loudest sound it can handle/producehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

12. Fundamental Frequency

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosurefirst note, loudest one you hear, lowest, the first note you play with the full string vibrating

13. Waves are made of...

Heart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)compressions and rarefactions - Compression is the high pressure point - Rarefaction is the low pressure pointYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosure

14. Ribbon Microphone

Also Dynamic - The diaphragm is the conductor. Can be tiny but it is still a conductor in a magnetic fieldhas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

15. 3 heads of a professional analog tape machine

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveErase - Record - PlaybackHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosure

16. How Cardioid Polar Pattern is achieved

Heart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)pressure gradient plus phase shift - Must have phase shift to work - Sound waves from front hit diaphragm in different wavelengths therefore there is phase shift and it works - Sound waves from back hit diaphragm in the same wavelength therefore there is no phase shift and it does not work - If you cover up these side entry points, the mic will turn into an omni directional michas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effective

17. Add 1 barrier (wall - doubling of energy)

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosure3 dB increase (point source hasn't changed) - Add a floor (a wall, a floor, point source in corner)

18. Wavelength

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivethe physical length of a complete cyclehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

19. Compare frequency to its wavelength and how it interacts with environment

has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)higher frequencies - shorter wavelengths - bounce off of things | lower frequencies - longer wavelengths - diffract and go everywhere | Complex tone (or waveform) - two or more frequencies (sine waves)You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effective

20. Range of Healthy Human Hearing

has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effective20 Hz to 20kHz

21. Timbre (tam-burr)

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosurecharacteristic sound of something - the result of the relative amplitude (relative strength) of these various frequencies (harmonics)Heart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

22. Why is active more efficient for pro sound and essential for live systems?

Heart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)can stack up the power on the low frequencies - want the flexibility to distribute amps where you want them - majority of power goes to low ends, we don't struggle to hear high frequencies as much so they don't need as much powerhas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureYou get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effective

23. Robinson/Dadson and Fletcher/Munson Curves and what they tell us

You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectivehas no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureEqual loudness contours | Graphs that show you how much amplitude is necessary across a range of frequencies for it to be perceived as the same loudness - Your perception of sound depends highly on listening level - mixing at various levels of dB can help make sure it's same across all levelsHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)

24. Two classes of microphones -

has no electricity- just diaphragm that is powered by the air pressure in the enclosureHeart has 2 parts: fixed back plate that does not move and a diaphragm that moves with sound wave - Capacitor holds a charge - Think of as valve or pipe The distance the diaphragm is from the backplate determines how much electricity will pass - Have to send voltage to it (steady voltage in, varying voltage out)You get more low frequency output out of the microphone the closer it is to the sound source - only pressure gradient design microphones have this - -cardioid and bidirectional - Low frequencies only, high ones are not effectiveway they derive the signal - how they turn acoustical energy into electrical 1. Dynamic Microphones 2. Condenser/Capacitor Microphone

25. Unbalanced - 2 conductors - 1 insulator

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson© 2026 Fatskills.com

All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com