1. Why is conservation management (knowing where and how to protect species) especially difficult for organisms with complex life cycles?

2. Winds blow surface water away from the shore, and colder water from below rises up to replace it.This is a description of what event or tidal/wave type?

3. You want to conduct an experiment studying stress-tolerance in two marine organisms: one that experiences environmental stresses regularly and one that does not.From where in the intertidal zone would you collect your two species?

4. Animals that build calcium-carbonate shells, including snails, bivalves, and corals, will be directly and negatively affected by which of these types of pollution?

5. Consider the following group of animals: an anchovy (a predator of zooplankton); a crab zoea (larvae—a member of the zooplankton); a brittle star (a deposit feeder); a clam (a filter feeder); and a tuna (a predator of anchovy, among other fishes).You have the opportunity to conduct a research project using one of these species.You want to study whether eating different phytoplankton species, with different nutrition contents, will affect animals' growth rate.You do not have a lot of lab space, so you need an animal that will not take up too much room.Which animal should you choose to work with?

6. For the part of the kelp listed, identify the part on a true plant that corresponds most closely: the blade.

7. In what way are sharks similar to sea birds in their reproductive strategies?

8. A lobster and a sea urchin are arrested for having committed a bank robbery.Each claims that he is innocent and that witnesses saw his identical twin, not him, commit the crime.Leaving aside the general implausibility of their stories, which one do you know must be lying, and why?

9. You are part of an exploratory group that travels to a distant planet and discovers new life.It takes a long time to find individuals, because they are very spread out and sparse, and once you begin finding them, you see that every single one is female!A number of the females seem to have growths on them.Your colleagues are convinced that these creatures reproduce through parthenogenesis (a type of asexual reproduction).But because you have taken a course in marine biology, you know that there is another possible explanation.What is it?

10. Which of the following arthropods are ecologically important, because they are the basis for many marine food webs, including those involving baleen whales and commercially important fish?

11. Toxins carried by storm water into the ocean is an example of which kind of pollution pathway?

12. One important aspect of marine conservation is the design and designation of marine protected areas (MPAs), which function as sanctuaries or refuges for sea life.One problem with designing MPAs is determining where they should be and what size they should be.Much of this depends on the species you are interested in protecting.For example, if you had only a small, focused area to designate as an MPA, which of the following species would NOT be well-protected?

13. Which of the following is an example of an organism with a simple life cycle?

14. A factory illegally releases dangerous chemicals into a river which leads out into a bay.Because of the behavior of currents in the area, the majority of chemicals remain within the bay.This situation will be worst for marine organisms in the bay that have offspring with which type of development?

15. How are ocean 'dead zones' created?

16. Which of the following aspects of kelp morphology probably arose as a means of dealing with one of the properties of water?

17. The melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice caps leads to which of the following?

18. Which arthropods feed with their feet (also called 'cirri')?

19. You are raising some small stony (reef-building) corals in the lab, but they are producing coral skeleton very slowly.Which of the following changes to lab conditions would improve their rate of calcification?

20. When would you expect to see the smallest range of tidal heights (that is, the lowest high tides and smallest low tides)?

21. What kind of reef projects directly from the shore?

22. A series of unusual weather conditions (winds and temperatures) leads to a crash in the phytoplankton population off of the west coast.This situation will be worst for marine organisms in the west that have offspring with which type of development?

23. The uptake of excessive quantities of carbon dioxide by the ocean leads to which of the following?

24. Consider the following group of animals: an anchovy (a predator of zooplankton); a crab zoea (larvae—a member of the zooplankton); a brittle star (a deposit feeder); a clam (a filter feeder); and a tuna (a predator of anchovy, among other fishes).You have the opportunity to conduct a research project using one of these species.You want an adult animal that will be easy to feed and your laboratory has a large supply of phytoplankton available to use as food.Which animal should you choose to work with?

25. You are a harmless marine bacterium floating in the water near a sponge.In order to avoid being drawn into the sponge along with the water the sponge pulls in, what area of the sponge would you need to avoid?