1. Which is NOT something that frogs and Drosophila have in common in terms of axis patterning and formation?

2. Which of these cells, tissues, or factors, if removed or inactivated, would have the greatest effect on the induction of tissues in sea-urchin eggs (i.e., which is at the top of the induction cascade)?

3. Which of these is the correct, if abridged, description of how crystalline-lens gene expression (related to eye development) is regulated?

4. What type of developmental constraint has prevented animals from evolving body parts that are moving wheels into which blood circulates?

5. Which of the following observations would support the preformationist view of how embryos develop?

6. If you blocked the transcription of all genes on the Y chromosome of a mammal, what would happen?

7. Reporter genes, such as green florescent protein (GFP), which are used to visualize gene expression in cells, are inserted intro transgenes in association with what?

8. You want to compare the expression of a gene in an early-embryonic kidney vs. a late-embryonic kidney.You are not concerned with visualizing the tissues; you just want to know when the gene is expressed.Choose the technique that is most appropriate for the study you want to do or the question you want to answer.(Please note that any technique that does more than you need probably costs more too, so it would not be the best choice.)

9. Because of the effects of environmental chemicals on animal development, some species are used as 'bioindicators' to determine the presence or level of pollutants in a particular area.These species are chosen because they are particularly sensitive to a specific compound and/or because the phenotype they exhibit is easily recognizable.If you wanted to know whether water-ways contained high levels of nonylphenol, what bioindicator species would you choose and what phenotype would you look for?

10. A new horror movie, inspired by insect metamorphosis, has the following plot.A few humans are abducted by aliens; they are then returned to earth with no memory of their time in space, but medical tests reveal strange clusters of foreign cells throughout their body.The cell clusters do not seem to do anything, though.After a period of time, a pulse of light is sent to earth from outer space.The first pulse causes the abductees to wrap themselves in blankets and secrete a covering that seals the blankets over them. While they are within their blankets, their own bodies disintegrate and the clusters of cells within them form new structures.Another pulse of light is sent from space, and the former abductees break out of their wrappings; they look nothing like the humans they were, and—of course, this being a horror movie—they want to kill everybody.In this movie, the clusters of cells most closely resemble what in insect metamorphosis?

11. Which of the following is the area between the splanchnopleure and the somatopleure?

12. Identify the gene/protein involved in the development of anterior structures in Drosophila.

13. Which of these is involved in the initiation of egg metabolism?

14. Identify the result of the following disruption on vertebrate-limb development: expression of Tbx4 throughout the trunk.

15. If you wanted to make a frog embryo produce only epidermis and no neural structures from its ectoderm, what would you do?

16. You want to know whether a particular gene is expressed in very early mouse development, but you do not have enough mRNA to analyze.Choose the technique that is most appropriate for the study you want to do or the question you want to answer.(Please note that any technique that does more than you need probably costs more too, so it would not be the best choice.)

17. What is the function of the blastocoel (as described in the section on amphibian cleavage)?

18. Identify the result of the following experimental manipulation in amphibians: transplantation of dorsal-lip tissue to the area that usually becomes the ventral epidermis.

19. Why is the point of sperm entry important in amphibian gastrulation?

20. Which of the following is false in regards to chemotaxis?

21. If you altered the pH gradient set up in a chick embryo, which process would you directly affect?

22. You want to determine the fate of individual cells once an embryo develops.Choose the technique that is most appropriate for the study you want to do or the question you want to answer.(Please note that any technique that does more than you need probably costs more too, so it would not be the best choice.)

23. A developmental biologist studying the effect of pollutants on frog abnormalities observes an interesting occurrence: if tadpoles whose tails are severed are exposed to a particular pollutant, their tail area, instead of regenerating, will grow legs!The biologist hypothesizes that the pollutant mimics the behavior of what tissue or factor?

24. Which of these movements involves the spreading of the mesoderm over the entire internal surface of cells in amphibians?

25. In spadefoot-toad tadpoles, environmental factors affect their development in ephemeral pools.What particular cue triggers the change in development from one morph to another?