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Physiology Review

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25 Questions

1. What is defective in the disease Pycnodysostosis

transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.the sodium/K pumposmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

2. What part of a voltage-gated potassium channel functions as the voltage-sensing element?

the sodium/K pumpis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

3. osmotic pressure equation

the sodium/K pumptransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperature

4. digitalis blocks step 3 of......or cardiac glycosides

osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturethe sodium/K pumpis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

5. co-translational

1. Any process involving the maturation or delivery of a protein that occurs during the process of translation.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperature

6. two things affect the speed of signlaing

1. glial cells

2. diameter of axon. bigger means a faster relay of the signal. like a hot stove. but for chronic heat - that would be smaller. Or if bone is broken - we don't need to be reminded.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

7. exocytosis

neurotransmission - make skeletal muscles contract - estercholine - there are receptors that are ion channels, opens up the pore of receptor and Na ions enters and triggers skeletal muscle
receptors on surface of muscle cells.

axon endings use exocytosis . estercholine inside vesicles waiting. mescal membrane to fuse with lipid bilayer and fuses across . triggers muscle contractions.

Endocrinology like insulin from pancreatic cells. stored inside vesicle.

1. exocytotic vesicles

2. constitutive pathways - mucus proteins made in endoplasmic reticulum. goes on all the time. need constant sticky mucous. so it's just always going on. cilia epithelial cells pull it in. respiratory cells secrete this.

3. regulated pathway - insulin released from pancreatic cells after eating a meal. or neurotransmitter release at synapses. specifically controlling it.

Need Ca ions for this. to trigger exocytosis, have to let Ca come in and that does exocytotic process.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

8. ABC transporters

is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureThe largest transporter gene family is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. These proteins translocate a wide variety of substrates including sugars, amino acids, metal ions, peptides, and proteins, and a large number of hydrophobic compounds and metabolites across extra- and intracellular

membranes.multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) pump drugs out of cells

example: vinca alkaloids used to inhibit tumor cellstransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

9. H+/K+-ATPase is used to do what in the body

is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperature1. acid secretion in the stomach
2. acid secretion by kidney tubules

10. two ways to change a resting membrane potential

11. how do lysosomes stay acidic?

osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureThe interior is kept acidic by the action of a proton pump, or H+ATPase. This integral membrane protein uses the energy of ATP to move protons from the cytosol up their electrochemical gradient and keep the lysosome relatively acidic, near pH 5.0.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

12. depolarization phase

membrane potential changes from negative to positive

action potential initiation - membrane potential becomes less negative

1. Inward current depolarizes the membrane potential to threshold.

2. Depolarization causes rapid opening of the activation gates of the Na+ channels, and the Na+ conductance of the membrane promptly increase.

3. The Na+ conductance becomes higher than the K+ conductance, and the membrane potential is driven toward the Na+ equilibrium potential of +65mV. The rapid depolarization during the upstroke is caused by an inward Na+ current.

4. the overshoot is the brief portion at the peak of the action potential when the membrane potential is positive.

5. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine block these voltage-sensitive Na+ channels and abolish action potentials.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

13. Trimeric G Proteins (under the GPCR)

is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureG proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins

three types of protein subunits (each is a multi-gene family) - α, β, γ

the α subunits can bind guanine nucleotides - GDP (inactive) or GTP (active)

hormone binding promotes nucleotide exchange- GDP-bound form converted to GTP-bound form

GTP-bound form can regulate effector proteins such as adenylyl cyclase

the α subunits have GTPase activity - terminates activated statetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

14. pH of a cell?

is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.A growing cell must maintain a constant pH in the cytoplasm of about 7.2 - 7.4 despite the production, by metabolism, of many acids, such as lactic acid and CO2, which reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Cells have a reservoir of weak bases and weak acids, called buffers, which ensure that the cell's pH remains relatively constant. Buffers do this by 'soaking up' H+ or OH− when these ions are added to the cell or are produced by metabolism.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperature

15. what are the first messengers?

Consequently, the extracellular ligands are called 'first messengers' and the

intracellular mediators are called 'second messengers.' Second messengers bring about many short-term changes in cell function by

altering enzyme function,
triggering exocytosis,

but they also can lead to the alteration of transcription of various genes.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

16. What does the tarantula poison ProTX-II block?

is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.ProTx-II (tarantula toxin) selectively blocks
sodium channelsosmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.

17. Examples of second messengers

18. after hyperpolarization

slow voltage-gated potassium channel closing
membrane potential is more negative than the resting potentialtransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

19. does surface of cell have a lot going on ?

transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.surface of cell has a ton of glycolysated stuff. inside not much going on
cytoplasmic is blueosmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

20. H+/-ATPase is used where (3)

osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.1. lysosome acidic
2. acid secretion by kidney tubules
3. osteoclasts to break down bone

21. Two types of transport

Passive (no energy) and active (energy)is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperature

22. resting phase

transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureis a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.

1. is about -70mV, cell negative

2. is the result of high resting conductance to K+, which drives the membrane potential toward K+ equilibrium potential

3. at rest, Na+ channels are closed and Na+ conductance is low.

23. diseases of lysosome

is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperaturetransient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.When a lysosomal enzyme is congenitally absent, the lysosomes become engorged with the material the enzyme normally degrades. This eventually leads to one of the lysosomal diseases (also called lysosomal storage diseases).

Fabry disease is caused by a deficiency in α-galactosidase;

Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency in β-galactocerebrosidase and

Tay-Sachs disease, which causes mental retardation and blindness, is caused by the loss of hexosaminidase A, a lysosomal enzyme that catalyzes the biodegradation of gangliosides (fatty acid derivatives).

24. What is an example of a ligand that prevents activation of acetylcholine receptors?

25. Cytoskeleton

transient outward (TO) K+ channels - voltage sensing . S1/S4 off of helices.is a lysosomal storage disease of the bone caused by a mutation in the gene that codes the enzyme cathepsin K.osmotic pressure of a solution (π) is the pressure that would stop osmosis

**π = nRTC *****

* C is concentration of a solute
* n is 2 for NaCl, 3 for CaCl2, etc
* R is the gas constant
* T is temperatureActin protein monomers form microfilaments.
Some membrane proteins bind microfilaments
and anchor membranes to the cytoskeleton.

Intermediate filaments. Proteins such as keratin
form cytoskeletal filaments that anchor cell surface
adhesion junctions such as desmosomes.

Tubulin polymerizes to form
microtubules that guide
motor protein

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson© 2026 Fatskills.com

All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com