Key Points - Minerals And Rocks

Minerals, elem ents, characteristics of minerals such as crystal form cleavage, fracture,lustre, colour,streak, transparency ,structure, hardness specific grvity, important minerals such as feldspar,quartz,pyroxene,amphibole,mica,olivine and their characteristics classificationof minerals, rocks,igneous,sedimentary ,metamorphic rocks rock cycle

Minerals found in the crust are in solid form where as in intrior they are in liquid form98% of the crust consist of eight elements:

1.oxygen 2. Silicon 3. Aluminium 4. Iron. 5. Calcium 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Magnes the rest is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorous, manganese, sulphur carbon, nickel & other elements

Many elements found in combination with other elements. These substances are called minerals
Mineral: naturally occuring inorganic substance having an orderly atomic structure and a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
It is composed of two or three minerals /single element ex. S,Cu, Ag,Au, Graphite.
There are at least 2000 minerals in the crust. There are at least six mineral groups which form rocks in the crust.
The basic source of all minerals is the hot magma in the interior of the earth. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are organic minerals

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
(I) Figure 8 Cube
(Ii) External Crystal Form:Internal Arrangement Of Molecules-cube, Octahedrons,Hexagonal, Prisms.

Hexagonal Cleavage:
Figure
Octahedrons

Figure 7 Prism

Tendency to break in given direcations producing relatively plane surfaces, it may any direction

FRACTURE: Conchoidal fracture
Obsidian
Conchoidal fracture is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. Sub conchoidal fracture is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved. (Note that obsidian is an igneous rock, not a mineral, but it does illustrate conchoidal fracture well.)
Earthy fracture

Limonite
Earthy fracture is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
Hackly fracture

Native copper
Hackly fracture (also known as jagged fracture) is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
Splintery fracture

Chrysotile
Splintery fracture comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in nonfibrous minerals such as kyanite.
Uneven fracture

Magnetite
Uneven fracture is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.The crystal breaks inan irregular manner not along the planes

LUSTURE: Adamantine lustre
Cut diamonds
Adamantine minerals possess a superlative lustre, which is most notably seen in diamond.[1] Such minerals are transparent or translucent, and have a high refractive index (of 1.9 or more).[2] Minerals with a true adamantine lustre are uncommon, with examples being cerussite and zircon.[2]
Minerals with a lesser (but still relatively high) degree of luster are referred to as subadamantine, with some examples being garnet and corundum
Dull lustre

Kaolinite
Dull (or earthy) minerals exhibit little to no luster, due to coarse granulations which scatter light in all directions, approximating a Lambertian reflector. An example is kaolinite.[3] A distinction is sometimes drawn between dull minerals and earthy minerals,[4] with the latter being coarser, and having even less lustre.
Greasy lustre

Moss opal
Greasy minerals resemble fat or grease. A greasy lustre often occurs in minerals containing a great abundance of microscopic inclusions, with examples including opal and cordierite.[2] Many minerals with a greasy lustre also feel greasy to the touch.[5]
Metallic lustre

Pyrite
Metallic (or splendant) minerals have the lustre of polished metal, and with ideal surfaces will work as a reflective surface. Examples include galena,[6]pyrite[7] and magnetite.[8]

Pearly lustre
Muscovite
Pearly minerals consist of thin transparent co-planar sheets. Light reflecting from these layers give them a lustre reminiscent of pearls.[9]
Such minerals possess perfect cleavage, with examples including muscovite and stilbite.[2]

Resinous lustre
Amber
Resinous minerals have the appearance of resin, chewing gum or (smooth surfaced) plastic. A principal example is amber, which is a form of fossilized resin.[10]

Silky lustre
Satin spar variety of gypsum
Silky minerals have a parallel arrangement of extremely fine fibres,[2] giving them a lustre reminiscent of silk. Examples include asbestos, ulexite and the satin spar variety of gypsum. A fibrous lustre is similar, but has a coarser texture.

Submetallic lustre
SphaleriteSubmetallic minerals have similar lustre to metal, but are duller and less reflective. A submetallic lustre often occurs in nearopaque minerals with very high refractive indices,[2] such as sphalerite, cinnabar and cuprite.

Vitreous lustre

Quartz
Vitreous minerals have the lustre of glass. (The term is derived from the Latin for glass, vitrum.) This type of lustre is one of the most commonly seen,[9] and occurs in transparent or translucent minerals with relatively low refractive indices.[2] Common examples include calcite, quartz, topaz, beryl, tourmaline and fluorite, among others.

Waxy lustre

Jade
Waxy minerals have a lustre resembling wax. Examples include jade[11] and chalcedony.[12]
 

Optical phenomena

Asterism
Sapphire cabochon
Asterism is the display of a star-shaped luminous area. It is seen in some sapphires and rubies, where it is caused by impurities of rutile.[12][13] It can also occur in garnet, diopside and spinel.

Aventurescence
Aventurine Aventurescence (or aventurization) is a reflectance effect like that of glitter. It arises from minute, preferentially oriented mineral platelets within the material. These platelets are so numerous that they also influence the material's body colour. In aventurine quartz, chrome-bearing fuchsite makes for a green stone and various iron oxides make for a red stone.[12]
Chatoyancy

Tiger's eye
Chatoyant minerals display luminous bands, which appear to move as the specimen is rotated. Such minerals are composed of parallel fibers (or contain fibrous voids or inclusions), which reflect light into a direction perpendicular to their orientation, thus forming narrow bands of light.
The most famous examples are tiger's eye and cymophane, but the effect may also occur in other minerals such as aquamarine, moonstone and tourmaline.

Colour change

Alexandrite
Color change is most commonly found in Alexandrite, a variety of chrysoberyl gemstones. Other gems also occur in color-change varieties, including (but not limited to) sapphire, garnet, spinel.
Alexandrite displays a color change dependent upon light, along with strong pleochroism. The gem results from small scale replacement of aluminum by chromium oxide, which is responsible for alexandrite's characteristic green to red color change. Alexandrite from the Ural Mountains in Russia is green by daylight and red by incandescent light. Other varieties of alexandrite may be yellowish or pink in daylight and a columbine or raspberry red by incandescent light. The optimum or "ideal" color change would be fine emerald green to fine purplish red, but this is exceedingly rare.

SchillerLabradorite
Schiller, from German for "twinkle", is a term used to describe the metallic iridescence originating from below the surface of a stone, that occurs when light is reflected between layers of minerals. It is seen in moonstone and labradorite and is very similar to adularescence and aventurescence.[14] appearance of material without regard to clolour-metallic silky glossy

COLOUR:some colours determined by molecular structure ex.malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite some because of impurities found the crystal.

STREAK: colour of the ground powder of any mineral Ex.Malachit –green, fluorite – purple/white

TRANSPARENCY: Transparency Definition: Transparency refers to the degree to which light can pass through a mineral.
Terminology: Opaque - no light can pass through the mineral;
Translucent - light can pass through the mineral but is diffused so that images cannot be seen clearly;
Transparent– light can pass through the mineral and images can be seen clearly.

1. Transparency –light rays pass through 2.translucent-light pass through but diffused 3.opaquelight doesnot pass through.
Magnetite (III)

STRUCTURE:particular arrangement of the individual crystals – fine medium,or coarse, coarse grained fibrous, separable divergent rdiating

HARDNESS: as corundum. The table below shows comparison with absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer, with pictorial examples.[7][8]
Mohs hardness
Mineral
Talc
1
Chemical formula Absolute hardness
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
CaSO4·2H2O
Image
1
2
Gypsum
3
3
Calcite
CaCO3
9
4
Fluorite
CaF2
21
5
Apatite
Ca5(PO4)3(OH–,Cl–,F–)
48
40
Mohs hardness
Mineral
6
Orthoclase Feldspar
KAlSi3O8
72
7
Quartz
SiO2
100
8
Topaz
Al2SiO4(OH–,F–)2
200
9
Corundum
Al2O3
400
10
Diamond
C
1600
 (IV)
Chemical formula Absolute hardness
Image
Relative resistence being scratched ten minerals are selected to measure the degree of hardness from 1to 10

1. Talc 2.gypsum 3.calcite 4.fluorite 5.apatite 6.feldspar 7.quartz 8.topaz 9.corundum
10.diamond. ex.fingre nail has 2.5 hardness knife has 5.5 hardness 

(V)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:The ratio between the weight of a given object and the weight of an equal volume of water ; object weighed in air and then weighed in water and divide weight in an airby the difference of th etwo weights.

IMPORTANT MINERALS OF THE EARTH CRUST
FELDSPAR: Silicon & Oxygen Are Common Elements ,Sodium,
Potassium Calcium Aluminium Are Found In Specific Variety. ½ The
Earth Crust Consists Of Feldspar.Light Cream To Salmon Pink Colour
Used In Ceramics And Glass Making.
QUARTZ:important component of sand granite.consists of silica, hard mineral, insoluble in water it is white ore coloruless used INRADO OR RADOR
YROXENE:consists of calcium aluminum magnesium iron silica, it forms 10% of earth crust, found in meteorites,green or black in colour
OLIVINE:Magnesium,Iron, Silica are major elements,used in jewellary, greenish crystal, found inbasaltic rocdk

AMPHIBOLE: major elements.
, used in asbestos
 aluminium, calcium silica, iron magnesium are
They form 7% of earth crust, green or black colour industry, hornblende is a;nother formof amphibole

MICA: consists of potassium, aluminium, magnesium iron silica . Form 4% Of the earth crust. Found in basaltic rock

IGNEOUS ROCKS; 1. They are primary rocks 2.formed due to cooling of lava

3. They are two types intrusive & extrusive rocks
Extrusive rocks have small grains because of sudden cooling intrusive rocks have bigger grains due to slow cooling4.they are hard 5. Do not contain fossils 6. Do not allow water to percolate through them 7. No layers
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:1. Formed Due To Sedimentation 2. Consists Of Layers 3. Contain Fossils

4.The Process Of Sedimentary Rock Formation Is Called Lithification 

5. They Are Three Types .
A.Mechanically Formed B.Chemically Formed 3. Organically Formed.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS: 1.Formed Due To Recrystalization 2.Formed Due To Pressure And Temperature 3. Very Smooth

4. Consists of layers sime times very preceious stones
Type of rock
Igneous rock
Sedimentary rockMetamorphic rock
Granite
Sandstone
Slate

CLASSIFICATIONOF MINERALS
METALLIC MINERALS
FERROUS
NON FERROUS
IRON
COPPER
NON METALLIC MINERALS
PRECIOUS
ORGANIC
GOLD
COAL
INORGANIC

SULPHAR ROCKS
Rocks are aggregate of one or more minerals,they may be hard or soft in varied colours, they do not have definite chemical composition.
Petrology is the science of rocks. Petrologist who studies the scientific methods of rocks.

ROCK CYCLE
A diagram of the rock cycle. Legend: 1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 = sediments&sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting.
Rock cycle is a continuous process through which old rocks are converted into new rocks. Igneous rocks are changed into metamorphicor sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks afurther change into magma