English Conversations Essentials (Grammar)

What are the four structures of a sentence?
Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

What is Structure?
The organization of clauses in a sentence.

What is a simple sentence?
A sentence that consists of one independent clause and expresses a complete thought.

What is a compound sentence?
A sentence that consists of at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

FANBOYS
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

What is a complex sentence?
A sentence that consists of one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.

What is a compound-complex sentence?
A sentence that consists of at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.

What is Purpose?
It is the intent or function of the sentence.

What are the four purposes of a sentence?
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory

What is a declarative sentence?
A sentence that expresses a statement and ends with a period.

What is an interrogative sentence?
A sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark.

What is an imperative sentence?
A sentence that expresses a command and ends with a period.

What is an exclamatory sentence?
A sentence that expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark.

What are the 7 sentence patterns?
S-Vi, S-Vt-DO, S-VL-PN, S-VL-PA, S-Vt-IO-DO, | S-Vt-DO-OCN, S-Vt-DO-OCA

What are Model Sentences?
Did Jesus weep?
S Vi, Simple, Interrogative

Who wept?
S Vi, Simple, Interrogative

What is a phrase?
A group of words that does NOT contain both a subject and a verb and may be used as a single part of speech.

What is a clause?
A group of words that DOES contain both a subject and a verb.

What are two types of clauses?
Independent clauses and subordinate clauses.

What is an independent clause?
Expresses a complete thought like a sentence and can stand alone.

What is a subordinate clause (dependent clause)?
Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone (also known as a dependent clause).

What are two major components of a clause?
Subject and predicate

What is the subject?
That part of a sentence about which something is being said.

What is the predicate?
That part of a sentence which says something about the subject.

What are the five parts of a complete sentence?
Subject, verb, capital letter, end mark, makes complete sense.

What are the eight parts of speech?
Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, interjections, prepositions.

What is a noun?
Names a person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

What is a pronoun?
Replaces a noun in order to avoid repetition.

What is a verb?
Is a word that asserts an action, shows a state of being, or links 2 words together, or helps another verb.

What is an adverb?
Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

What is a conjunction?
A word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses together.

What is an interjection?
A word or phrase used as a strong expression of feeling or emotion and is grammatically unconnected to a sentence.

What is a preposition?
Relates a noun or pronoun to another word.

What is a prepositional phrase?
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers that may exist between them and functions as an adverb or an adjective in a sentence.

What is an adjective?
Modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, qualifying, or limiting.

What are the four types of verbs?
Intransitive, transitive, linking, helping

What is an intransitive verb?
A verb that does not transfer action to another word.

What is a transitive verb?
A verb that transfers its action to an object.

What is a linking verb?
A verb that makes an assertion by joining two words and either renames the subject with a predicate noun or describes the subject with a predicate adjective.

What is a helping verb?
A verb that helps another verb assert action, being, or existence.

What are the five principal parts of a verb?
Infinitive, present, past, present participle, past participle.

What is an infinitive?
'To' added to a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

What is a participle?
A verb form used as an adjective and most often ends in -ed, -en, or -ing.

What is a present participle?
A verb plus -ing used as a noun, adjective, or multi-part verb.

What is a past participle?
A verb plus -ed, -en, or an irregular form used as a adjective or multi-part verb.

What are the two components used to make verb tense?
Time and form

What are the three verb times used to make verb tense?
Past, present, and future.

What is a past tense verb?
A verb that expresses what has already happened.

What is a present tense verb?
A verb that expresses what is happening now.

What is a future tense verb?
A verb that expresses what will happen.

What are the four verb forms used to make verb tense?
Simple, perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive.

What is the perfect form of verb tense?
It's the form that emphasizes completion and is created by a form of 'to have' + past participle.

What is the progressive form of verb tense?
It's the form that emphasizes an action or state of being in progress and is created by a form of 'to be' + present participle.

What is the perfect-progressitve form of verb tense?
It's the form that emphasizes an action or state of being in progress that reaches completion and is created by a form of 'to have' + been + present participle.

What are the verb tenses?
simple past
simple present
simple future
past perfect
present perfect
future perfect
past progressive
present progressive
future progressive
past perfect progressive
present perfect progressive
future perfect progressive

What does the simple past verb tense express?
Expresses an action or state of being that ended before the moment of writing or speaking. (She played yesterday.)

What does the simple present verb tense express?
Expresses an action or state of being in the present or an action that is usual or repeated. (She plays.) (The puppy [always] chases his tail.)

What does the simple future verb tense express?
Expresses an action or state of being that will occur after the moment it is spoken of or written about. (She will play tomorrow.)

What does the past perfect verb tense express?
Expresses an action or state of being completed before another past time or event.

had + past participle

(She had played before her mom called.)

What are the two verb numbers?
Singular and plural

What is a singular verb?
A verb used with a singular subject and is most often is, was, has, does, or a verb that ends in -s or -es.

(He thinks.)

What is a plural verb?
A verb used with a plural subject and is most often are, were, have, do or a verb that does not end in -s or -es.

(They think.)

What are the three verb persons?
1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person.

What is a 1st person verb?
A verb used in an I or we sentence.

(I cry. We cry. Tom and I cry.)

What is a 2nd person verb?
A verb used in a singular or plural you sentence.

(You cry.)

What is a 3rd person verb?
A verb used in a he, she, it, or they sentence.

(He cries. They cry. The boys cry.)

What is a verb voice?
The manner in which a verb functions relative to the subject of the sentence.

(To find it ask, 'Is the subject doing something?')

(active or passive)

What is active voice?
The verb voice used when the subject performs the action of the verb.

(To find it ask, 'Is the subject doing something.')

(Note: Linking verbs are state of being verbs and cannot be active or passive)

(The tornado ravaged the storm.)

What is passive voice?
The verb voice used when the subject passively receives the action fo the verb. The verb uses a form of the helping verb to be.

(To find it ask, 'Is the subject doing something?)

(Note: Linking verbs are state of being verbs and cannot be active or passive.)

(The town was ravaged by the tornado.)

What is verb mood?
The manner in which a verb expresses its action or state of being. The verb moods are indicative, imperative, or subjunctive.

What is indicative mood?
The verb mood used to make a statement or ask a question.

(Your room is clean. Is your room clean?)

What is imperative mood?
The verb mood used to make commands and requests.

(Clean your room before breakfast. Please clean your room.)

What is subjunctive mood?
The verb mood used to imply a condition, express a condition contrary to fact, or to express a wish.

(Subjunctive means joined under and is frequently used in dependent clauses.)

(If I were you, I would clean my room. I suggest that you clean your room.)

What is a verbal?
A form of a verb that performs the function of an adjective, noun, or adverb.

What are some noun characteristics?
Type, gender, number, case.

What are some types of nouns?
Common, proper, concrete, abstract, collective, compound.

What is a common noun?
A noun that names a non-specific person, place, thing, activity, or idea and is not capitalized.

(cat, store, person)

What is a proper noun?
A noun that names a specific person, place thing, activity, or idea and must be capitalized.

(Garfield, Wal-Mart, John Calvin)

What is a concrete noun?
A noun that names a physical object that can be experienced with the five senses.

(dog, America)

What is an abstract noun?
A noun that names a concept, quality, or condition that cannot be experienced with the five senses.

(loyalty, freedom)

What is a collective noun?
A type of noun that refers to a group composed of members.

(flock, herd, audience)

What is a compound noun?
A noun that is made up of two or more words.

(doorstep, bookbag, backpack, haircut)

What is noun gender?
The characteristic that indicates if the noun is male, female, or neither.

What are the noun genders?
Masculine, feminine, neuter.

What is a masculine noun?
A noun that is male.

(dad, son, brother, rooster, bull)

What is a feminine noun?
A noun that is female.

(mom, daughter, sister, bride, hen)

What is a neuter noun?
A noun that has no gender or whose gender cannot be determined.

(cloud, window, teacher)

What is noun number?
The characteristic that indicates if the noun refers to one or more than one person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

What are the noun numbers?
Singular and plural

What is a singular noun?
A noun that names only one person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

(cat, store, person)

What is a plural noun?
Names more than one person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

(cats, stores, people)

What is noun case?
The characteristic that indicates the function of the noun in the sentence. In English, noun case is indicated by word order and prepositions.

What are the noun cases?
The noun cases are nominative, objective, possessive.

When is a noun said to be in the nominative case?
When it functions as a subject (sn) or a predicate nominative (pn).

When is a noun said to be in the objective case?
When it functions as a: direct object (do), indirect object (io), object of the preposition (opr), or object complement noun (ocn).

When is a noun said to be in the possessive case?
When is shows possession. A possessive noun functions as an adjective (pna) and has an apostrophe and s.

What are the noun jobs in a sentence?
subject noun (sn)
predicate noun (pn)
direct object (do)
indirect object (io)
object of the preposition (opr)
object complement noun (ocn)
possessive noun adjective (pna)
appositive (ap)
noun of direct address (nda)

What is a subject noun (or subject nominative)?
It is a noun (or pronoun) about which something is being said.

(To find it ask, 'Who?' or 'What?' then say the verb.)

(John gave.)

What is a predicate nominative?
A noun (or pronoun) that follows a linking verb and renames the subject.

(To find it, say the verb and ask 'What?' or 'Who?' Then verify the noun. Does the noun mean the same thing as the subject? If yes, then the noun is a predicate nominative and the verb is a linking verb?

(The boy is my friend.)

What is a predicate adjective?
A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes the subject.

What is a direct object?
A noun (or pronoun) located after a transitive verb that receives the action of the verb.

(To find it, say the verb and ask 'What?' or 'Whom?' Does the noun following the verb rename or describe the subject? If it does not, then the noun is a direct object and the verb is a transitive verb.)

(John gave money.)

What is an indirect object?
A noun (or pronoun) located between the transitive verb and the direct object that tells to whom or for whom the action is done and who is receiving the direct object.

(To find it, say the direct object and ask, 'To whom?' or 'For whom?')

(Grace threw Timothy the ball.)

What is an object of the preposition noun?
A noun (or pronoun) located after a preposition in a sentence.

(To find it, say the preposition and ask 'Whom?' or 'What?')

(Katie went over to the park.)

What is an object complement noun?
A noun that follows a direct object and renames what the direct object has become as a result of the action of the verb.

(To find it, say the direct object and ask, 'Who?' or 'What?'

(The children named mom teacher of the year.)

What is a possessive noun (adjective)?
A noun that shows possession and functions as an adjective in a sentence. A possessive noun adjective has an apostrophe and an s.

(To find it, say the noun and ask, 'Whose?')

(Sarah's son fell.)

What is an appositive?
A noun (or pronoun) that follows another noun and explains or identifies it.

(To find it, look for two nouns in a row and ask, 'Does the 2nd noun rename the first noun?')

(My son Daniel laughs loudly.)

What is a noun of direct address?
A noun used to call upon a person and is set off by one or more commas.

(Grace, clean your room.)

What is a noun clause?
A subordinate clause used as a single noun.

(Whoever made the mess should clean it up.)

What is an antecedent?
The noun that a pronoun replaces and can be found in the same sentence as the pronoun or a different sentence. The pronoun should agree with its antecedent in both gender and number.

(The girls love their dad.) 'girls' is the antecedent for 'their'

What are some pronoun characteristics?
Type, gender, person, number, case.

What are some pronoun types?
Demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative, personal*, reflexive, relative.

What is a demonstrative pronoun?
A pronoun that indicates an entity and distinguishes it from others.

(this, these) indicate an entity near in distance or time
(that, those) indicate an entity far in distance or time

What is an indefinite pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to a non-specific person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, neither, nobody, none, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, such

What is an interrogative pronoun?
A pronoun that represents something that is unknown and is used in a question.

(who, whom, whose, which, what)

What is a personal pronoun?
A pronoun that represents a specific person or group of people and is distinguised by gender, person, number, and case.

Nominative: I, you, he/she/it, we, you they
Objective: me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them
Possessive: my, you, his/her/its, our, your, them
Possessive: mind, yours, his/hers/its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself/ ourselves, yourselves, themselves

What is a reflexive pronoun?
A personal pronoun compounded with -self or -selves to show that the action affects the subject.

(myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself/ ourselves, yourselves, themselves)

What is a relative pronoun?
A pronoun that introduces an adjectival subordinate clause and relates it to the word it modifies.

(who, whom, whose, which, that)

What is pronoun gender?
The characteristic that indicates if the pronoun refers to an antecedent which is male, female, or neutral.

What are the pronoun genders?
Masculine, feminine, neuter.

What is a masculine pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to a male.

(he, him, his)

What is a feminine pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to a female.

(she, her, hers)

What is a neuter pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to an antecedent that has no gender or whose gender is undetermined.

(it, its)

What is pronoun number?
The characteristic that indicates if the pronoun refers to one or more than one.

What are the pronoun numbers?
Singular and plural

What is a singular pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to one person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

1st: (I, me, mind, myself)
2nd: (you, you, your, yours, yourself)
3rd: (he/she/it, him/her/it, his/her/its, his/hers, himself/herself/itself

What is a plural pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to more than one person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

1st: (we, us, our, ours, ourselves)
2nd: (you, you, your, yours, yourselves)
3rd: (they, them, their, theirs, themselves)

What is pronoun person?
The characteristic that indicates if the person or thing represented by the pronoun is speaking, is being spoken to, or is being spoken about.

What are the pronoun persons?
1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person.

What is a 1st person pronoun?
A pronoun that includes the person speaking.

(I, me, my, mine, myself)
(we, us, our, ours, ourselves)

What is a 2nd person pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to the person being spoken to.

(you, you, your, yours, yourself)
(you, you, your, yours, youselves)

What is a 3rd person pronoun?
A pronoun that refers to the person being spoken about.

(he/she/it, him/her/it, his/her/its, his hers, himself/herself/itself)
(they, them, their, theirs, themselves)

What are the pronoun jobs?
subject (sp)
predicate nominative (pn)
direct object (do)
indirect object (io)
object of the preposition (opr)
possessive pronoun adjective (ppa)
possessive pronoun (pp)

What is a Gerund?
A present participle verb form used as a noun.