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International Relations

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International Relations

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1. tannenwald

War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?No security dilemma- no need for one- but there are security problems- offense has the advantage so attack is easy -no SD, but aggression is possible

2. Theory/ what makes a good theory

3. offense-defense theory

No security dilemma- no need for one- but there are security problems- offense has the advantage so attack is easy -no SD, but aggression is possibleA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actions

4. third world

A series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsNo security dilemma- no need for one- but there are security problems- offense has the advantage so attack is easy -no SD, but aggression is possible

5. structural realism (neo realism)

Waltz -properties of the international system- anarchy -properties of the units in the system -states are the main actors -states are like units- distribution of capabilities and relative power -states are unitary actors -basic goal of all states is to survive -intentions not known -states are not power maximizers -balance of power: the process by which states counterbalance to ensure that no single state dominates the system, or an outcome that establishes a rough equilibrium -pursue security by either an internal balancing (arms), or external balancing (allies) -polarity- uni, bi-, or multi-polarityConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actions

6. anarchy

Anarchy means self-help -what one state does affects everyone else, so the reactions of other states have to be taken into account -the absence of political authority -international politics or the international system is said to be anarchic as there is no world government- no central or superordinate authority over states, which retain their sovereign rights Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actions

7. gartzke

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsCapitalist peace or democratic peace? -economic interdependence -capitalist peace -democratic peace: -developing democracies are just as warprone as developing dictatorships -developing countries do not benefit from democratic peace

8. preemptive war/ iraq war

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Immediacy enemy is about to launch attack and you strike first -israel in 1967- attack by egypt was imminent -iraq was preemptive because the US believed iraq presented a threat

9. absolute gains

a state's profit and doesn't care about othersWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?

10. constructivism/ constructivist authors/ different strands

A series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooMain actors: individuals -main goal: varies -main instrument: ideas and discourse -strong elite influence -pays respect to the specific interests and culture of a state -the role of social norms in sovereignty and state power -ideas will be more powerful if supported by strong states -analyze how identities change -constructivists argue that states construct the security dilemma and can choose not to fall to it -use ideas and verbal debate -alex wendt, john mueller, nina tannonwald -north american -europeanWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actions

11. rationalist explanations for war

A series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Private information and incentives to misrepresent -states cannot tell who will win -commitment problems -the balance of power between states can change over time -issue indivisibility -both sides are willing to fight for victoryConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actions

12. international institutions

A series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooHigh levels of interdependence means high costs of war -war will also cost you the loss of an economic partner -Fwaltthe rules that govern world politics and the organizations that implement those rules -important to maintain world order- superpowers need general rules -not always successful -structures of rules and norms that could be more or less formal -provide transparency and certainty -instead of imposing themselves on states, they should listen to the demands of the states

13. jervis

Argues that security dilemma is at its worst when states are expansionist -argues that most of the globe is in the second world -chaos in the liberal order -anarchy and its consequences -offense, defense, and the security dilemmaA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear taboo

14. defensive realism

15. liberalism/ liberal authors/ different strands

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Main actors: states -main goal: liberal and economic order -main instrument: institutions and commerce -economic interdependence to avoid conflict -construct international institutions to combat selfish tendencies -recognize the role of power in international behavior -self determination -non-violence and conflict resolution -non zero sum -robert keohane, dale copeland, bruce russett -neoliberal institutionalism -economic interdependence -regime type

16. Hegemonic realism

War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsThucydides and Gilpin -distribution of power of in/stability -believes that the system is stable when one power is the best, and war occurs when a state tries to top that power -law of uneven growth | Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) -athens and its empire against Peloponnesian League led by Sparta -melos allied to Sparta -The standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel and that in fact the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept" -the fate of Melos"Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?

17. revisionist states

18. bargaining model

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?-Fearon -puzzle -war is always inefficient even if the costs of fighting are small -possible answers/ mechanisms: -private information and incentives to misrepresent -commitment problems -issue indivisibilities

19. security dilemma

A series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsWhen a state attempts to enhance its own security, it unintentionally destabilizes another state's security in the process -each state begins to increase their defense mechanisms as they attempt to neutralize the threat they feel from the other states -leads to unnecessary tensions between states and causes states to spend money and time on defense mechanism they do not really need -one variable that can accelerate the security dilemma is interpreting a state's arsenal in the wrong way. It is difficult for states to distinguish offensive efforts from defensive efforts -another variable is a state's ability to trust others and if one state has the upper hand- if they are unable to trust them, they will build a bigger arsenal -can never assume a state's intentions are benignConstructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear taboo

20. capitalist peace

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsDon't need to own other countries' exports, you can just trade for them -why a free market is better for peace -the competition capitalism presents encourages conflict between countries -countries with free economies have a chance of maintaining and deepening peace -warfare between developing nations will remain unaffected by capitalist peace as long as the economy of developing nations remain under government control -economic development may be the ammunition for rising conflictA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?

21. game theory

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?War is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsBranch of mathematics that deals with predicting bargaining outcomes -tool used to model interactions and outcomes -a game is a setting in which two or more players choose among themselves alternative routes -players are rational -each combination of moves results in a different set of pay offs to each player

22. economic interdependence

Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Creates a mutual value to countries -states can use their economic linkages to play chicken -the less dependent state has an incentive to coerce the other state -high interdependence help foster peace -according to realists, interdependence will only increase the chance of war as states seek to reduce the vulnerability that dependence brings -interdependence can lead to both peace and war -realism- trade and investment flows can lead to peace by giving states an incentive to avoid conflicts and war

23. prisoners dilemma

A series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear tabooWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsA metaphor for understanding why cooperation is difficult in the international system -PD- type situations capture the kind of collective goods problem common to IR -game explains why cooperation can fail to occur in international systems -preference ordering: DC (A 25, B free) >CC (1 year each) >DD (10 years each) >CD (A free, B 25)

24. democratic peace

Authoritarian regimes are more likely to start wars because they do not have to pay for it - a peace that cannot last because eventually democracies become compelled, by the structure of the international system or their on security dilemma, to enter a state of war -sharing common forms of political structure/ culture does not prevent war -alliances make peace -state often engage in international conflict to distract from domestic issues- and democratic countries can be guilty of this too -democratic countries may need to engage in defensively motivated war or preemptive action anticipating an immediate attack -to be safe democracy must kill its enemy when it can and where it can -the world cannot be half democratic -when 2 democracies come into conflict, they are able to use democratic norms to de escalate -when a democracy comes in conflict with a non-democracy, it will not expect the nondemocratic state to be restrained by these norms, and may feel obliged to adapt to harsher norms -a democracy under siege of domestic terrorism, insurgency, or civil war is one in which the ostensable norms or peaceful conflict resolution are not working well -the assumption that democracies are peaceful in their relations should be avoided -norms and institutions contribute to peace between democracies -relationships between democracies can be described as stable peace and security community- states do not fight each other, do not expect to fight each other, and do not prepare to fight each other -democracies with high trade are more peacefulWar is more likely when nations can easily dominate each other -offensive advantage means it is easier to attack another state -defensive advantage means it is easier to protect your own land -if a state has to spend one more dollar than another state on defense, it has the defensive advantage, and vice versa for offense -the advantage can be determined by geology and technology -geology- flat vs. mountainous, landlocked vs. island, has large powers around it- Germany and UK -technology- weapons -nuclear weapons are neither- they are deterrents -cannot characterize a state has offense or defense- only policies and actionsA series of laws that correspond with a specific action or set of behaviors -explain laws -is the theory logically sound? -does it explain the evidence? -does it have few assumptions?Constructivist -norms -logic of consequences -logic of appropriateness -the nuclear taboo

25. oye

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

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About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know?
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Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
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