1. Global or regional abnormalities in left ventricular sympathetic afferent innovation have been implicated in diabetes mellitus, following surgical denervation during coronary artery bypass grafting or cardiac transplantation, or following ischemic local nerve injury by MI.

2. How do you calculate cardiac output?

3. Sudden, severe chest pain that is described as crushing. It may radiate to the neck, jaw, back, shoulder or left arm. People may believe they have severe indigestion. Nausea, vomiting may occur. Tachycardia, new cardiac murmurs, pulmonary crackles, and cool and clammy feeling may be present.

4. It is this plaque which can rupture and cause a heart attack.

5. An infective and inflammatory condition of the endocardium which mainly affects the heart valves. The incidence is increasing secondary to the placement of prosthetic valves.

6. Clinical manifestations of prinzmetal angina?

7. _____________ levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of the development of CAD.

8. Ideal total cholesterol?

9. They inhibit the influx of calcium into the myocardium.

10. _________________ are released in increased amounts and work to stimulate renal excretion of sodium but they are not effective.

11. Effects of aging on arteries

12. Cardiogenesis begins at ___________ gestation, but the development is completed between the ____________________ of gestation. The heart is originally shaped in a tube-like configuration and over time bulges into the shape which is associated with the heart. During this time the heart undergoes septation, ventricular development, aortic arch development, and circulation begins.

13. _____________ and will increase the risk for ventricular arrhythmias such as torsades, v-tach or V-fib.

14. The pathogenesis of _____________ must begin with an event which sets the stage for the infection by causing damage to the endocardium. This may be trauma, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, the presence of a prosthetic valve, or any other risk factor.

15. Myocardial _______________ may be impaired for hours to days after perfusion is restored.

16. The pressure in the _____ side of the heart is greater than the _____ side of the heart.

17. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, rales, pansystolic murmur with S3 and S4 heart sounds.

18. ___________ and ____________ can contribute to the dysfunction of the SNS, RAAS & natriuretic hormones and they also cause vasoconstriction.

19. The _______________ has two layers. The epicardium and parietal layer.

20. ________________ causes endothelial damage, thickening of blood vessel walls, increased inflammation and leukocyte adhesion to the vessel walls, increased thrombosis and decreased production of nitric acid, a vasodilating agent.

21. Ideal HDL level?

22. Normal cardiac output is around...

23. The severity of cardiac dysfunction is dependent upon the _____________ and the ______________.

24. Transmit action potentials fast (through intercalated disks), synthesize more ATP (because of a large number of mitochondria), and have readier access to ions in the interstitum because of an (abundance of transverse tubules). These factors enable the myocardium to work constantly.

25. High afterload increases the work of the ventricle and results in _____________.