1. How many molecules of ATP are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose?

2. In the following reaction, what would be the effect of adding more C(s) while maintaining constant pressure?C(s) + CO2(g) ⇔ 2CO(g)

3. Which of the following changes results in membrane repolarization following the action potential of a neuron?

4. Which of the following is a typical E. coli promoter sequence? (N is a nucleotide spacer region.)

5. Which of the following pathways directs the differentiation of multipotent skin cells into hair follicles?

6. The FDA recently approved a laboratory test for determining a patient's risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). In this test, increases in urinary levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7) are predictive of AKI. Based on the plot, where light gray bars represent patients with AKI based on Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes classification and the dark gray bars represent patients without AKI, what can be concluded about this new test's usefulness in patients pre-surgery (1), immediately after surgery (2), 4 hours after surgery (3), and the first postoperative morning (4)?

7. How are cortical and trabecular bones similar to each other?

8. Which of the following properties do the endocrine system and neurons have in common?

9. Which of the following modifications would have the greatest likelihood of improving the yield of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product?

10. How are centromeres and telomeres similar?

11. Which amino acid would most likely be found on the surface of a protein molecule at physiological pH?

12. The first step in the biosynthesis of terpenoids is the conversion of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), as depicted below.

13. How are the plasma membranes of mammalian and bacterial cells similar?

14. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 0.035-molar solution of nitrous acid at 295 Kelvin, given that the Van 't Hoff factor of nitrous acid is 1.1 and the gas constant is 0.08206 L atm mol−1 K−1.

15. In what way are the molecular motor proteins kinesin and dynein similar to each other?

16. Which of the following amino acids does NOT have an isoelectric point (pI) between 5.5 and 6.0?

17. Which of the following is NOT an oncogenic cell surface receptor?

18. How many acetyl-CoA molecules does the fatty acid oxidation of palmitic acid (C16H32O2) yield?

19. Based on the graph, which of the following is NOT true about the role of natural killer (NK) cells in controlling viral infection?

20. Which of the following statements about the digestive system is NOT true?

21. Which of the following statements about terpenes is NOT true?

22. Which class of immunoglobulin is the first to be made after B-cell activation?

23. Some species of coldwater fish have proteins in their blood that can lower the blood's freezing point. If the concentration of these so-called antifreeze proteins in the blood is 4 × 10–3 mc, what is the freezing point depression?

24. What is the force that it would take for a molecule of sodium to spontaneously go through an ion channel in frog muscle? The concentration of Na+ inside and outside of muscle cells is 10.4 mM and 109 mM, respectively; the temperature is 285 Kelvin; and the Vm, or resting membrane potential, is −60 mV. The gas constant and Faraday constant are 8.31 joules/mol·K and 9.65 × 104 coulombs/mol, respectively.

25. Which chemical modification allows the DNA repair system to distinguish between the DNA template and the newly synthesized strand?