1. The court ruled that the federal government had the right to establish the bank even though it was not expressly enumerated in the Constitution and also noted that since 'the power to tax was the power to destroy,' Maryland could not tax the bank without destroying federal sovereignty.

2. (William O. Douglas, Chief Justice Earl Warren, 7-2, 1965) In 1879, Connecticut outlawed the use of contraception. In 1961, Estelle Griswold and Lee Buxton, who were directors of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, were charged with violating that ban after they opened a birth control clinic. Justice Douglas' majority opinion held that 'specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras,' and that 'emanations' of those guarantees create a Constitutional 'right to privacy' that protects intensely personal decisions, such as the right of married couples to choose whether or not to use birth control. Connecticut's law was struck down.

3. Melville Fuller

4. Chief Justice John Jay

5. 1918

6. In 1795 the Georgia legislature corruptly sold land along the Yazoo River (now in Mississippi) to private citizens in exchange for bribes. The legislators were mostly defeated in the next elections and the incoming politicians voided the sales. In the meantime, John Peck sold some of the land in question to Robert Fletcher, who then sued him, claiming that he did not have clear title.

7. John Marshall

8. The court overruled Betts v. Brady and held that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments required appointed counsel in all trials. Gideon was retried and found innocent. The case is the subject of the book Gideon's Trumpet.

9. John Marshall

10. The Court's ruling proved so controversial that it resulted in the 1794 passage of the Eleventh Amendment, which specifically prohibited U.S. or foreign citizens from filing a lawsuit against a state (with certain exceptions).

11. 6-0

12. In a unanimous decision, Marshall held that Congress' interstate regulatory power under the Commerce Clause had 'no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution.' Gibbons' federal permit trumped Ogden's state-granted monopoly.

13. Edward Douglass White

14. The Supreme Court held that the state legislature did not have the power to repeal the sale. This was one of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court struck down a state law.

15. John Marshall

16. John Marshall

17. (Morrison Waite, author and Chief Justice, 7-2, 1877) Ira Munn owned a set of Chicago grain elevators and charged oppressively high fees for their use. In 1871, the Illinois legislature passed a law setting maximum rates for grain storage. On appeal to the Supreme Court, lawyers for the business claimed that the Illinois statute violated Fourteenth Amendment due process rights regarding private property. Chief Justice Waite's opinion upheld the Illinois law, and proclaimed that 'when private property is devoted to a public use, it is subject to public regulation.' The decision was a landmark in the history of government regulation of businesses, especially railroads.

18. 1819

19. The court ruled that the federal government did not have the right to regulate child labor; Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote a notable dissent focusing on the lack of proper state regulation. The case was overturned by the 1941 U.S. v. Darby Lumber Company case upholding the Fair Labor Standards Act.

20. 1954

21. Charles W. Baker, a Tennessee citizen, sued the Tennessee secretary state, Joe Carr, claiming that the state's electoral districts had been drawn to grossly favor one political party.

22. (Roger Taney, author and Chief Justice, 7-2, 1857) Dred Scott was a slave purchased by John Emerson in the 1820s and who at various points lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, both of which prohibited slavery. In 1853, Scott sued his then-owner John Sanford for his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that no African-American—slave or free—was a citizen of the United States, and that therefore Scott lacked standing to initiate a lawsuit in the first place. In addition, the Court found the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional, holding that Congress lacked authority to prohibit slavery in any new territory that was not originally part of the United States.

23. Earl Warren

24. 7-1

25. 9-0 (unanimous)