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NAQT You Gotta Know: Social Science

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NAQT You Gotta Know: Social Science

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1. James Frazer

A tariff is a tax placed on the import (common) or export (rarer) of a good. Tariffs have various — often controversial — sociopolitical goals, but economists agree that they raise consumer prices relative to equilibrium (resulting in a lower quantity demanded). Tariffs are similar to quotas, in which a government limits the amount of a good that may be imported.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.

2. Clifford Geertz

A tariff is a tax placed on the import (common) or export (rarer) of a good. Tariffs have various — often controversial — sociopolitical goals, but economists agree that they raise consumer prices relative to equilibrium (resulting in a lower quantity demanded). Tariffs are similar to quotas, in which a government limits the amount of a good that may be imported.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.

3. Gross Domestic Product

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.A tariff is a tax placed on the import (common) or export (rarer) of a good. Tariffs have various — often controversial — sociopolitical goals, but economists agree that they raise consumer prices relative to equilibrium (resulting in a lower quantity demanded). Tariffs are similar to quotas, in which a government limits the amount of a good that may be imported.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

4. Tariff

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.A tariff is a tax placed on the import (common) or export (rarer) of a good. Tariffs have various — often controversial — sociopolitical goals, but economists agree that they raise consumer prices relative to equilibrium (resulting in a lower quantity demanded). Tariffs are similar to quotas, in which a government limits the amount of a good that may be imported.

5. Elasticity

Elasticity is a measure of how much one economic variable changes in response to a change in a different variable, expressed in the form of 'Every 1% change in the independent (second) variable leads to an x% change in the value of the first (dependent) variable.' A common example is the price elasticity of demand, which measures the degree to which the quantity demanded changes when the price is altered.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

6. Jean Piaget

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1896 - 1980, Swiss) Jean Piaget is generally considered the greatest figure of 20th-century developmental psychology; he was the first to perform rigorous studies of the way in which children learn and come to understand and respond to the world around them. He is most famous for his theory of four stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. His most famous works are The Language and Thought of a Child and The Origins of Intelligence in Children.

7. Bronisław Malinowski

(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1884 - 1942) The Polish-born Malinowski studied at the London School of Economics, where he would later spend most of his career. He described the 'kula ring' gift exchanges found in the Trobriand Islands in Argonauts of the Western Pacific, and the use of magic in agriculture in Coral Gardens and Their Magic. He also argued, in opposition to Sigmund Freud, that the Oedipus complex was not a universal element of human culture in his book on Sex and Repression in Savage Society.

8. Abraham Maslow

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1908 - 1970, American) Abraham Maslow is principally known for two works, Motivation and Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being, that introduced his theory of the hierarchy of needs (food, shelter, love, esteem, etc.) and its pinnacle, the need for self-actualization. Self-actualized people are those who understand their individual needs and abilities and who have families, friends, and colleagues that support them and allow them to accomplish things on which they place value. The lowest unmet need on the hierarchy tends to dominate conscious thought.

9. Jane Goodall

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(Born 1934) Goodall is a British primatologist who is best known for her work with chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania. Her first research was carried out with Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge. In her pioneering work with primates, which is detailed in such books as In the Shadow of Man, she discovered that chimpanzees have the ability to use tools, such as inserting grass into termite holes to 'fish' for termites.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

10. Monopoly

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.A monopoly occurs when there is only one firm producing goods for a given market. This allows that firm to set the price higher—and thus the quantity sold lower—than would otherwise occur. An oligopoly is a similar market environment where production is dominated by a few firms, whereas a monopsony is the opposite case: a market with only a single consumer.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.

11. Adam Smith

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1723 - 1790, Scottish) Though he wrote on nearly every subject of moral and social philosophy, he is basically remembered as the author of An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) and as the creator of the metaphor of the 'invisible hand.' This work more-or-less single-handedly founded the Classical school of economics.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

12. John Kenneth Galbraith

(1908 - 2006, Canadian) His liberal popular writings include The Affluent Society and The New Industrial State (with their emphasis on public service and the limitations of the marketplace).(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

13. Stanley Milgram

(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1933 - 1984) Though he did the work that created the idea of 'six degrees of separation' and the 'lost-letter' technique, he is mainly remembered for his experiments on obedience to authority that he performed at Yale in 1961-1962. Milgram found that two thirds of his subjects were willing to administer terrible electric shocks to innocent, protesting human beings simply because a researcher told them the experimental protocol demanded it.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.

14. Alfred Radcliffe Brown

(1881 - 1955) Radcliffe-Brown is considered the founder of a school of anthropology known as structural functionalism, which focuses on identifying the groups within a society and the rules and customs that define the relationships between people. His own early fieldwork was conducted in the Andaman Islands and Western Australia, where he studied the social organization of Australian tribes. After teaching in Australia, South Africa, and at the University of Chicago, he returned to England, where he founded the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Oxford.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.

15. Invisible Hand

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.The invisible hand is the metaphorical notion that producers and consumers acting in their own narrow interest (e.g., by trying to maximize income from their business) will create an overall benefit to society. This might happen by their rewarding technologies that make production more efficient, rewarding firms who can sell at lower cost, rewarding inventors who discover new processes, and so on. The phrase was introduced by Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations, but the modern understanding (and broad-based application of the metaphor) is due to later thinkers.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

16. Ruth Benedict

(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1887 - 1948) A colleague and friend of Margaret Mead, Benedict studied the Zuni, Dobu, and Kwakiutl cultures in Patterns of Culture, using them to illustrate the idea of a society's culture as 'personality writ large.' She also described Japanese culture in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, a work written during World War II at the request of the U.S. government.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.

17. Franz Boas

(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1858 - 1942) Often called the founder of modern anthropology, this first professor of anthropology at Columbia University trained Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, Alfred Kroeber, author Zora Neale Hurston, and many others. He conducted fieldwork on the Inuits of Baffin Island and the Kwakiutl (now referred to as Kwakwaka'wakw) on Vancouver Island. His publications include 1911's The Mind of Primitive Man, which describes a gift-giving ceremony known as the 'potlatch.'Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.

18. Thorstein Veblen

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1857 - 1929, American) Veblen is primarily remembered for his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), which introduced phrases like 'conspicuous consumption.' He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs of virility found in the animal kingdom.

19. Erik Erikson

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1902 - 1994, German-born American) Erik Erikson is best known for his theories on how social institutions reflect the universal features of psychosocial development; in particular, how different societies create different traditions and ideas to accommodate the same biological needs. He created a notable eight-stage development process and wrote several 'psychohistories' explaining how people like Martin Luther and Mahatma Gandhi were able to think and act the way they did.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.

20. Claude Levi-Strauss

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1908 - 2009) In the 1930s, Levi-Strauss did fieldwork with the Nambikwara people of Brazil, which formed the basis for his thesis on 'The Elementary Structures of Kinship.' He held the chair in social anthropology at the Collèege de France from 1959 to 1982, during which time he published such books as The Savage Mind and a tetralogy about world mythology whose volumes include The Raw and the Cooked. He pioneered in applying the structuralist methods of Ferdinand de Saussure to anthropology, which led him to study cultures as sets of binary oppositions.

21. Alfred Marshall

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1842 - 1924, English) Marshall's magnum opus, 1890's Principles of Economics, introduced the notions of consumer surplus, quasi-rent, demand curves, and elasticity, all fundamental concepts in introductory macro- and microeconomics.

22. Karl Marx

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1818 - 1883, German) Also a historian and social philosopher, Marx's principal contribution to economic thought was extending the labor theory of value to its logical conclusion, his theory of surplus value. This theory, along with his defense of economic materialism, appeared in Das Kapital (1867, 1885, 1894).(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.

23. Ivan Pavlov

(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.(1849 - 1936, Russian) Ivan Pavlov was more of a physiologist than a psychologist, but questions about him are more often classified as psychology than biology by question writers. He is largely remembered for his idea of the conditioned reflex, for example, the salivation of a dog at the sound of the bell that presages dinner, even though the bell itself is inedible and has no intrinsic connection with food. He won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for Physiology or Medicine for unrelated work on digestive secretions.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.

24. Francois Quesnay

(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1694 - 1774, French) Quesnay was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land is the ultimate source of all wealth.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.

25. John Maynard Keynes

Gross domestic product (or GDP), is a commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. GDP is computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.(1883 - 1946, English) He is most famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence 'General Theory') and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.(1854 - 1941) Frazer was a Scottish anthropologist who primarily studied mythology and comparative religion. His magnum opus, The Golden Bough, analyzed a wide range of myths that center on the death and rebirth of a solar deity; the original publication controversially discussed the crucifixion of Jesus as one such myth. The work's title refers to a gift given to Proserpine (Persephone) by Aeneas so that he could enter the underworld in the Aeneid.(1926 - 2006) Geertz is best known for his work in symbolic anthropology, a view that he expounded in his book The Interpretation of Cultures. In that book, he introduced the term 'thick description' to describe his method of analyzing behavior within its social context. One such 'thick description' appears in his essay 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight,' in which Geertz discusses cockfighting as a symbolic display of a certain kind of masculinity.

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