Glossary For Nurses

abandonment Abandonment is the act of leaving after the nurse has taken report and assumed care of the client.
abortion An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy prior to the point of viability.
acidosis Acidosis is the condition whereby the acidity of the blood is increased due to accumulation of acids or excessive loss of bicarbonate.
acromegaly Acromegaly is an increase in growth hormone in the adult, causing elongation and enlargement of the bones of the extremities and certain bones of the face and jaws.
active transport Active transport is the process by which a cell membrane moves molecules against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. An example of this is the movement of potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen.
acute respiratory failure Acute respiratory failure is the inability of the lungs to meet the body’s oxygen requirements.
Addison’s disease Addison’s disease is a disease caused by a decreased function of the adrenal cortex. This causes a decrease in cortisol levels, leading to hypotension, decreased fluid volume, decreased sodium, and decreased blood glucose.
adverse reaction An adverse reaction to a drug is a reaction that causes harm to the client.
aganglionic Aganglionic means lacking nerve stimulation.
agonist An agonist is a group of drugs that mimic the body’s own regulatory function. An example of an agonist is a drug that binds to the receptor and stimulates the receptor’s function.
alkalosis Alkalosis is a condition whereby the alkalinity of the blood is increased due to an accumulation of alkaline or a loss of acids. allergic response An allergic response is an abnormal immune response.
allograft An allograft is a skin graft obtained from the same species.
alpha-fetoprotein Alpha-fetoprotein is an antigen present in the human fetus. Maternal serum can be evaluated at 16–18 weeks of pregnancy. Elevated levels can indicate neural-tube defects. Low levels can indicate Down’s syndrome.
amenorrhea Amenorrhea is the absence of menses.
anastamosis Anastamosis is a surgical connection of two tubular structures.
aneurysm An aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel. Usually the artery is affected. There are three types: fusiform, dissecting, and sacular.
angina pectoris Angina pectoris is severe pain around the heart caused by a relative deficiency of oxygen supply to the heart muscle. It occurs most often after increased activity.
angioplasty Angioplasty is a procedure that uses a balloon to press atherosclerotic plaque or a clot into the wall of the vessel.
anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to eat that results in extreme emaciation, amenorrhea, lanugo, muscle wasting, and loss of bone mass.
anovulation Anovulation is a failure to ovulate.
antagonist An antagonist is a drug that works against or prevents a response.
anuria Anuria is the absence of urinary output.
apnea Apnea is the absence of respirations. aqueous humor Aqueous humor is the watery fluid in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.
areflexia Areflexia refers to the absence of reflexes.
arteriovenous graft Arteriovenous graft is a surgical connection between an artery and a vein used for hemodialysis.
ascites Ascites is a serous fluid that has accumulated in the peritoneal cavity.
assault Assault is stating of intent to unlawfully touch another with the intent to cause harm.
asthma Asthma is a disease characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath.
astigmatism Astigmatism is a visual disorder in which the light rays are spread over a diffuse area rather than being focused on the retina. 
atelectasis Atelectasis is a collapse or incomplete expansion of the lung. atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of cholesterol-lipid-calcium deposits in the walls of the vessels.
atresia Atresia is the absence or closure of a normal body opening.
attention deficit hyperactive disorder ADHD is a disorder of childhood characterized by overactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.
aura Aura is a sensation that precedes or signals the onset of a seizure or a migraine headache. It can involve olfactory, visual, or auditory sensations.
autograft Autograft is a skin graft obtained from an individual’s own body.
automatacism Automatacism is the performance of automatic actions or behaviors without conscious knowledge or awareness.
autosomal recessive disorder Autosomal recessive disorder is an inherited disorder carried on any chromosome other than the sex chromosome.
battery Battery is the unlawful touching of another without consent. An example of this would be performing surgery without proper consent.
biological weapons Biological weapons are agents that spread disease into the general population.
biosynthetic graft A biosynthetic graft is a graft or dressing made from synthetic material or animal collagen.
bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by periods of mania with or without depression.
blood pressure The blood pressure is the tension exerted by the blood against the arterial walls.
bone density Bone density is the degree of thickness in a bone. Loss of bone density is associated with osteoporosis.
bradycardia Bradycardia is a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute.
Braxton-Hicks contractions Braxton-Hicks contractions are false labor contractions. bronchitis Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi.
buccal Buccal administration of a drug is administration into the cheek.
Buerger’s disease Buerger’s disease is a chronic, recurring, inflammatory, vascular occlusive disease, chiefly of the peripheral arteries and veins of the extremities.
bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.
burn shock Burn shock is hypovolemia that occurs within the first 24 hours following a major burn injury.
burr holes Circular holes made in the skull with a drill. The procedure can be done to decrease intracranial pressure or for the purpose of exploration and diagnosis.
calcitonin Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the human thyroid gland that is important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level. It also can be given as a medication to increase bone density.
Canal of Schlemm Canal of Schlemm is a venous sinus found at the junction of the cornea and sclera.
caput succedaneum Caput succedaneum is edema of the fetal scalp that crosses the suture lines. The swelling re absorbs within 1–3 days.
cardiac catheterization A cardiac catheterization is a procedure that is used to diagnose blockages in the coronary arteries. A catheter is threaded into the coronary arteries, and a dye is injected into the myocardial vessels.
cardiac tamponade Cardiac tamponade is the accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial sac of the heart.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR is a method of externally providing oxygen and heart pumping if the client is in cardiopulmonary arrest.
cataract Cataract is an opacity in the crystalline lens of the eye.
cervix The cervix is the neck of the uterus.
Cesarean section A Cesarean section is the delivery of the baby by means of an incision into the uterus.
Chadwick’s sign Chadwick’s sign is a purplish color affecting the cervix and vagina due to vascular engorgement. Chadwick’s sign is a presumptive sign of pregnancy occurring at about 4 weeks gestation.
chemical agents Chemical agents are gases or liquids that are capable of producing disability or death.
Cheyne Stokes Cheyne Stokes respirations refers to a type of breathing pattern recognized by periods of apnea lasting 10–60 seconds followed by a gradual increase in the depth and frequency of breaths.
chloasma Chloasma is the mask of pregnancy and is a brownish pigmentation of the face. It also can be present in clients with oral contraceptive therapy or hormone replacement.
cholesterol Cholesterol is a substance made up of C27H45OH, a monohydric alcohol widely distributed in animal tissue and occurring in foods such as egg yolks, oils, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands.
Chvostek’s sign Chvostek’s sign is a spasm of the facial muscles and nerve found in hypocalcemia.
civil laws Civil laws refers to laws pertaining to interpersonal suits. It can involve torts, libel, negligence, and malpractice.

clonic movements Clonic movements refer to movements that alternate between the contraction and relaxation of a muscle.
clostridium Clostridium is a group of bacteria belonging to the Bacillaceae family. Clostridium perfringens is the primary cause of gangrene.
colostrum Colostrum is the first liquid expressed from the breast after delivery. Colostrum contains proteins, antibodies, and calories.
common laws Common law is a law designed to provide compensation for a tort or other civil act.
conduct disorder Conduct disorder is a disorder of childhood characterized by the violation of the rights of others with a lack of guilt or remorse for wrongdoing.
conduction system of the heart The conduction system of the heart is composed of the nervous tissue in the heart that conducts electrical impulses throughout the heart. It consist of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers.
conductive hearing loss Conductive hearing loss is caused by a failure of excitation or movement of the stapes.
condylomata accuminata Condylomata acuminata is a wart appearing on the genital area. It is caused by various types of human papilloma virus.
congenital anomaly Congenital anomaly is a deformity that is present at birth; it’s also called a birth defect.
congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the circulatory system related to the heart’s inability to pump blood through the body. In pulmonary edema, or left-sided congestive heart failure, fluid accumulates in the lungs. In right-sided congestive heart failure, the fluid accumulates in the peripheral circulation.
consensus formula Consensus formula is a method for determining fluid replacement for those with a major burn injury. consent Consent is voluntarily giving permission to allow someone else to do something.
continuous positive airway pressure CPAP is the application of positive airway pressure used throughout the respiratory cycle for a client with spontaneous respirations. contraception Contraception is the prevention of conception.
contracture Contracture is a fibrosis of connective tissue that prevents normal movement.
contraindication Contraindication is a reason that a drug should not be given to a client.
conversion Conversion is a physical expression of an emotional conflict.
cor pulmonale Cor pulmonale is rightsided heart failure.
cornea The cornea is the transparent anterior portion of the outer layer of the eyeball.
coronary artery bypass graft A coronary artery bypass graft is a surgical procedure that uses a donor vessel to bypass a blockage in the coronary arteries.
corticosteroids Corticosteroid is a group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.
craniofacial Craniofacial pertains to the face and head.
craniotomy A surgical incision through the cranium that allows access to the brain.
crepitation The clicking or grating sound heard on movement of broken bones or movement of joints.
cretinism Cretinism is hypothyroidism found in the neonate.
criminal laws Criminal laws are laws governing criminal acts. If found guilty of a crime, the offender is usually sentenced to jail time.
culture Culture is defined as the sum of beliefs that are passed on from generation to generation by a particular group.
Cushing’s syndrome Cushing syndrome is an increase in cortisol production by the adrenal cortex causing alkalosis, increased sodium, increased fluid levels, and hyperglycemia.
cutaneous ureterostomy Cutaneous ureterostomy is the surgical implantation of the ureter to the surface of the skin.
cyanosis Cyanosis is the blue, gray, or purple discoloration of the skin and mucus membranes caused by low oxygen levels or reduced hemoglobin.
cyclothymia Cyclothymia is a chronic mood disturbance of at least 2 years duration involving numerous episodes of hypomania and depression.
cystectomy Cystectomy is the surgical removal of the urinary bladder.
cystitis Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder.
debridement Debridement is the removal of eschar from the surface of a burn. decelerations Decelerations are drops in the fetal heart rate from normal range. There are three types of decelerations. Early decelerations are caused by head compression; variable decelerations are caused by cord compression; and late decelerations are caused by utero- placental insufficiency.
decerebrate posture This refers to the rigid body position assumed by a client with a loss of cerebral control of spinal reflexes. It is characterized by arms that are stiff and extended and forearms that are pronated.
decibel Decibel is the degree of intensity or loudness.
decorticate posture Decorticate posture refers to the posture of a client with a deficit above the level of the brain stem. It is characterized by rigidity of the body with arms flexed, fists clenched, and legs extended.

defamation of character Defamation of character means talking about another person with the intent to slander his character.
defibrillator A defibrillator is a device used to correct ventricular fibrillation. The electrical device shocks the client to restore the normal rhythm of the heart.
delusion Delusion is a firm, fixed belief not based in reality.
demineralize Demineralize refers to the loss of mineral salts from bone. Demineralization is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus is a disease caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone. This lack of antidiuretic hormone results in polyuria, hypotension, and shock. dialysis Dialysis is the passage of blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove waste products.
diastole Diastole is the relaxation phase of the ventricle. Diastolic blood pressure is normally 60–85 mm Hg.
diffusion Diffusion is the process whereby molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC is a pathological form of coagulation resulting in platelet aggregation.
doll’s eye phenomenon Doll’s eye phenomenon is a test used for a comatose client to test the oculocephalic reflex for brain stem dysfunction. The examiner holds the client’s eyes open and rotates his head quickly from side to side. The normal response is for both eyes to deviate to the side opposite the direction of the head rotation.
donor site Donor site is the area from which a graft is taken.
dowager’s hump Dowager’s hump is an abnormal cervical convexity of the anterior lumber spine accompanied by dorsal kyphosis. Dowager’s hump is due to loss of bone and is frequently seen in clients with osteoporosis.
DSM-IV-TR DSM-IV-TR is The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revised.
dwarfism Dwarfism is a lack of growth hormones causing short bones and small stature. It can be a result of endocrine dysfunction, genetics, or renal disease.
dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea is defined as difficult or painful menses.
dysphagia Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing.
dysplasia Dysplasia is abnormal tissue development.
dyspnea Dyspnea means labored respirations. dysthymic disorder Dysthymic disorder is a chronic depressed mood with a duration of more than 2 years.
dystocia Dystocia is defined as difficult or painful labor.
dysuria Dysuria is painful urination.
ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy is any pregnancy occurring outside the uterus. electrocardiogram An electrocardiogram is a record of the electrical activity of the heart.
electroconvulsive therapy Electroconvulsive therapy is somatic therapy using electrically induced seizures to relieve severe depression. electrolytes Electrolytes are substances that, in solution, conduct electricity (cations are positvely charged and anions are negatively charged). Acids, bases, and salts are common electrolytes. Salts include sodium, potassium, and chloride.
emaciated Emaciated refers to excessive thinness of the body or a condition of wasting away.
emergent Emergent is a category of triage requiring immediate care for life-threatening conditions.
emergent phase of burn injury Emergent phase of burn injury refers to the first 24 hours following a major burn injury.
emphysema Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by overdistention and destruction of the alveolar walls.

empyema Empyema is a collection of infected fluid in a body cavity, particularly in the pleura.
end-stage renal failure End-stage renal failure is the chronic loss of kidney function that requires dialysis or renal transplant.

endocrine The ductal system of the body. The endocrine system produces hormones used for bodily functions.
endometriosis Endometriosis is the implantation of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
enteric coating Enteric coating is a coating on a tablet or capsule that does not dissolve until it is exposed to acids in the small intestines.
enteropathy Enteropathy is a pathological condition of the intestine.
epidural anesthesia Epidural anesthesia is anesthetic administered into the dura outside the spinal cord into the epidural space. It provides pain relief during labor, delivery, and surgery.
eschar Eschar is the black, leathery slough that covers a burn wound.
estriol Estriol is a steroid found in large quantities in the urine of the pregnant client.
ethics Ethics is the study of the rightness of conduct.
ethnicity Ethnicity is a culture group’s sense of identification associated with the group’s common good.
euthanasia Euthanasia is a word meaning painless and easy death. It is also the deliberate ending of life in individuals with an incurable disease.
exophthalmoses Exophthalmoses is bulging eyes related to thyroid disorders, orbital tumors, leukemia, and aneurysms.
extrapyramidal side effect An extrapyramidal side effect is one from antipsychotic medication with symptoms of tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and difficulty in ambulation.
extravasation Extravasation is the escape of intravenous fluid into the surrounding tissue.
fasciotomy Fasciotomy is the surgical incision into the membrane that supports, covers, and separates muscle.
fatigue Fatigue is a regular sense of exhaustion making an individual have a decreased capacity to perform physical and mental work.
Federal Drug Administration The FDA is an organization responsible for assuring the public that drugs are safe and effective for public use.
felony A felony is a crime that is usually punishable by imprisonment.
fetal monitoring Fetal monitoring is a method of evaluating the fetus during labor. Fetal monitoring can be done either externally with a toco monitor or internally using scalp electrodes. Monitoring of both fetal heart tones and uterine contraction can be accomplished.
filtration Filtration is the process whereby particles are removed from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a semipermeable membrane.
fistula Fistula is a blind pouch between two adjacent structures or an abnormal tube-like connection between a body cavity and the skin or another body cavity. fundus The fundus is the top portion of the uterus.
gastrinoma Gastrinoma is a tumor that secretes gastrin.
glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by an increase in pressure within the eye.
glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney caused by an antigen antibody reaction.
glucocorticoid Glucocorticoid is a classification of adrenal cortical hormones that are active in protecting against stress and affecting protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
goiter A goiter is a benign hyperplasia of the thyroid.
Good Samaritan Law A Good Samaritan Law is one enacted to ensure immunity from civil punishment of a nurse or healthcare worker who stops to help. It prevents lawsuits involving the nurse who practices within her legal boundaries in a community setting. An example of this would be a nurse who stops at the site of a motor vehicle accident to help those injured in the accident.
Goodell’s sign Goodell’s sign is a softening of the cervix.
Graft versus host disease Graft versus host disease occurs after a bone marrow transplant and the donated marrow recognizes the host (the recipient) as foreign and attacks certain body organs.
Graves’ disease Graves’ disease is hyperthyroidism in the adult. It is usually associated with a goiter.
gravida Gravida is the number of pregnancies.
hallucination Hallucination is a false sensory perception experienced during psychosis.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland resulting in antibody production against thyroid hormone. The result will be hypothyroidism.
Heart block Heart block is a condition in which the conduction system of the heart— the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, purkinje fibers—fail to conduct impulses normally. Heart block is caused by structural changes, toxic drug effects, or nutrition or endocrine disorders.
Hegar’s sign Hegar’s sign is easy flexion of the lower uterine segment during bimanual exam. It occurs in about the second or third month.
Heimlich maneuver The Heimlich maneuver is a technique of removing a foreign object from the airway.
HELLP HELLP stands for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets. Found in pregnancy, this disorder results in a bleeding and clotting process and possible liver failure.
hemarthrosis Hemarthrosis means bleeding within the joint.
hematuria Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine.
hemolysis Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells.
hemoptysis Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood.
hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly is an enlargement of the liver.
heritage Heritage is the belief regarding self that is passed on through the generations. herpes Herpes virus is a virus resulting in vesicular lesions. There are several types, including herpes simplex, herpes zoster, genital herpes, and varicella.
heterograft Heterograft is a skin graft obtained from another species.
histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis is a systematic fungal infection commonly found in the lungs. It’s found in bird droppings.
homograft Homograft is a skin graft obtained from the same species; also called an allograft.
hormones Hormones are substances, originating in an organ, a gland, or a body part, which are conveyed through the blood to another body part. This substance stimulates that body part to increase or decrease functional activity or to secrete another hormone.
human papilloma virus Human papilloma virus is a human virus resulting in wart-like lesions. HPV on the genital area predisposes the client to vaginal and cervical cancer.
hydatidiform mole A hydatidform mole is a pregnancy that results from a blatted ovum. This causes rapid growth of a cyst inside the uterus.
hyperopia Hyperopia is an error in refraction caused by light waves focusing behind the retina; it’s also called farsightedness.
hyperpnea Hyperpnea is an increased rate and depth of respirations.
hyperpyrexia Hyperpyrexia is a marked increase in body temperature.
hypertension Hypertension is a disorder characterized by an elevated blood pressure above 140/90 on three occasions.
hypertensive crisis Hypertensive crisis refers to severe elevations in blood pressure with diastolic readings greater than 130 mm Hg.
hyperthermia Hyperthermia refers to a body temperature above 98.6°F.
hypocapnia Hypocapnia means decreased carbon dioxide in the blood.
hypochondriasis Hypochrondriasis is a condition of extreme preoccupation or fear of disease.
hypoxemia Hypoxemia means decreased oxygen tension in the blood.
hypoxia Hypoxia means decreased concentration of oxygen in inspired air.
ileal conduit Ileal conduit is a urinary diversion created by transplanting the ureters into a prepared and isolated segment of the ileum.
ileal reservoir Ileal reservoir is a urinary diversion created by transplanting the ureters into a surgically created cavity made from a prepared segment of the ileum.
implantable cardioverter An implantable cardioverter is a device that monitors the rhythm of the heart and delivers cardiovertion or defibrillates to the client if a lifethreatening arrhythmia is recorded.
incident report An incident report is a report that is filed when an error has occurred. An example of this is a medication error.
informed consent Informed consent is consent given by a client who understands the reason for a treatment or procedure.

intentional torts An intentional tort is a wrongful act by a person who means to cause harm.
intermediate phase of burn injury Intermediate phase of burn injury is the period of 48–72 hours following a major burn injury.
intradermal Intradermal administration of a drug is administration of the drug directly under the derma or into the intracutaneous space.
intramuscular Intramuscular administration of a drug is the injection of the drug into the muscle.
intraocular pressure Intraocular pressure is tension within the eyeball.
invasion of privacy Invasion of privacy is invasion of another’s person or space without consent.
isoimmunization Isoimmunization causes antibodies to be formed against certain properties of incompatible blood. It’s found especially in Rh negative mothers who have been exposed to an Rh positive baby.
isometric exercise Isometric exercise involves keeping a body part still while alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscle.
jaundice Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration to the skin due to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood.
jobst garment A jobst garment is a pressure garment worn to decrease the formation of scar tissue.
kyphosis Kyphosis is an abnormal posterior curvature of the spine.
labor Labor is the work process used to expel the baby from the uterus. legally blind Legally blind means a vision of 20/200.
lens Lens is the transparent biconvex structure of the eye that focuses light waves.
Leopold’s maneuvers Leopold’s maneuvers are maneuvers used to palpate the abdomen of a pregnant client to determine presentation and position.
leukopenia Leukopenia is a decrease in the white blood cell count below the normal level.
liable Liable means legally responsible. A healthcare worker is liable for actions that fail to meet the standard of care.
licensure Licensure in nursing pertains to giving permission to practice nursing. It is an official release issued by the state. lightning Lightning is the descent of the fetus into the true pelvis.
linea nigra Linea nigra is the dark line up the abdomen caused by hormonal changes in pregnancy or with birth control pills.
living will A living will is an advanced directive prepared by a client when he is alive, competent, and able to make decisions regarding refusal of future healthcare.
lordosis Lordosis refers to an anterior convex curve of the lumbar spine.
Lund and Browder method The Lund and Browder method is a means of determining TBSA for burns using special charts that allow for changes with growth.
macular degeneration Macular degeneration is the degeneration of the macular area of the retina that is important in visualization of fine details.
malaise Malaise is a reported sense of discomfort, weakness, or feeling 'run down.'

malice Malice means intent to commit an unlawful act or cause harm to another without legal justification or excuse.
malpractice Malpractice is the failure to perform a duty or performing a duty incorrectly and harm results to the client.
malpractice insurance Malpractice insurance protects the healthcare worker from monetary loss in the case of a lawsuit involving nursing practice.
McDonald’s sign McDonald’s sign refers to a sign or rule to determine the expected fundal height during the second and third trimester.
meconium ileus Meconium ileus is a bowel obstruction caused by an impacted meconium.
melena Melena refers to black, tarry stools. The condition is due to the presence of blood in the gastrointestinal tract.
Meniere’s disease Meniere’s disease is a disease of the inner ear with symptoms of tinnitus, vertigo, a sensation of fullness in the ears, and progressive hearing loss.
miotic Miotic is a medication that causes the pupil to constrict.
misdemeanor A misdemeanor is a crime of a lesser nature usually punishable by a fine or a sentence in a local prison for less that 1 year.
multigravid A multigravid woman is a woman who has experienced more than one pregnancy.
mydriatic Mydriatic is a medication that causes the pupil to dilate.
myocardial infarction A myocardial infarction is a condition caused by the blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
myopia Myopia is an error in refraction caused by light waves focusing in front of the retina; it’s also called nearsightedness.
myxedema Myxedema is hypothyroidism in the adult client.
Nagel’s rule Nagel’s rule is a way of estimating the expected date of delivery. Nagel’s rule is done by subtracting 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period and adding 7 days.
negligence Negligence is a failure to perform a duty that the healthcare worker knows should be done.
nephrectomy Nephrectomy is the removal of the kidney.
nephrotic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms characterized by generalized edema and hypoalbuminemia. neural tube defect Neural tube defect is the abnormal development of the embryonic structures of the brain and spinal cord.
neuroleptic malignant syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is the extreme elevation in temperature occurring as a side effect from antipsychotic medication.
neurosis Neurosis is a disorder involving extreme anxiety.
neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter is a chemical found in the nervous system that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses across the synaptic gap.
nonurgent Nonurgent is a category of triage involving episodic illness that can be cared for within 24 hours.
nulliparity Nulliparity refers to a female who has not given birth to a child.
Nurse Practice Act Nurse Practice Act is the legal act passed by Congress that spells out the rights and responsibilities of the nurse in practice.
nursing implication Nursing implications are the results of drug therapy. The nurse is concerned with the nursing implications because they indicate whether the plan of care is working.
oligohydramnios Oligohydramnios is a condition in which too little amniotic fluid is present due to a loss of amniotic fluid or due to a lack of production of amniotic fluid. The amount of amniotic fluid can be estimated by ultrasound.
oliguria Oliguria is decreased urinary output.
oral Oral administration is administering a drug by swallowing.
otitis media Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear.
otosclerosis Otosclerosis is a hardening of the stapes.
ototoxic Ototoxic means medications that damage the acoustic nerve.
ovulation Ovulation is the process of releasing a ovum from the ovaries. Ovulation occurs approximately 16 days from the first day of the last menstrual period.
oxytocin Oxytocin is a pituitary hormone that causes the uterus to contract.
pacemaker A pacemaker is a specialized cell or group of cells that can spread to other regions of the heart. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electrical device that can substitute for a defective natural pacemaker and control the beating of the heart.
pain disorder Pain disorder is a somatiform disorder characterized by severe pain in one or more areas that interfere with normal bodily functions.
palliative Palliative refers to symptomatic relief.
pallor Pallor refers to skin that is without color.
palm method Palm method is a way of determining TBSA for scattered burns using the client’s palm, which represents 1% of TBSA.
Papanicolaou smear Papaniocolaou smear is a test commonly called a Pap smear. A Pap smear is done to determine early cervical cancer. It is done by scraping the cervix and applying cells to a glass plate for examination. para Para is the number of pregnancies that survive past viability.
paresis Paresis refers to partial paralysis.
paresthesia Paresthesia is a sensation of numbness and tingling.
Parkland formula The Parkland formula is a method of determining fluid replacement for those with a major burn injury.

pathological fracture Pathological fracture is a fracture caused by a disease.
Patient’s Bill of Rights The Patient’s Bill of Rights is a bill that was passed to ensure that the client receives equal and unbiased treatment. Some of the examples of clauses found in the Patient’s Bill of Rights are the client’s right to refuse treatment and to be informed of treatment.
peak Peak is the highest serum blood drug level.
personality disorder Personality disorder refers to rigid, maladaptive patterns of behavior.
pH pH is the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. A determination of 7.40 is neither alkaline or acid. The normal range of pH is 7.35–7.45. Below 7.40 is acidic; above 7.40 is alkaline.
pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is the study of drugs’ effects on the body.
pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics is the study of the metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the absorption, duration, and distribution in the body and the method of excretion.
pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of drugs’ effects on disease. pica Pica is eating any form of nonnutrient material such as clay, corn starch, paper, or lead paint.
piloerection Piloerection is the appearance of gooseflesh or goose bumps.
pleural effusion Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the serous membrane that lines the lungs.
pleurisy Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleural sac.
pneumonia Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lungs.
polyarteritis nodosa Polyarteritis nodosa is a disease of the small or medium arteries characterized by inflammation and necrosis that results in diminished blood flow to areas supplied by the affected vessels.
polycythemia Polycythemia refers to elevations in the number of red blood cells. polyhydramnios Polyhydramnios is an accumulation of too much amniotic fluid. Polyhydramnios can be detected by ultrasound examination.
postcoital Postcoital refers to the time after sexual intercourse.
postictal Postictal refers to the time after a seizure.
postpartum The postpartum period is the time period immediately after delivery of the fetus and placenta.
preeclampsia Preeclampsia is a disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema.
premature rupture of the membranes Premature rupture of the membranes is a rupture of the membranes more than 24 hours prior to the onset of true labor.
presbycusis Presbycusis is the progressive hearing loss associated with aging.
presbyopia Presbyopia is a visual change associated with aging in which the crystalline lens loses the ability to accommodate to near vision.
preterm labor Preterm labor is labor that occurs earlier than 37 weeks gestation. proliferation Proliferation refers to rapid reproduction.
prostaglandin gel Prostaglandin gel is a gel that is used to ripen the cervix. pruritis Pruritis refers to itching of the skin.
psychosis Psychosis is a disorder characterized by thinking that is not based in reality.
pulmonary embolus Pulmonary embolus is a particulate matter that enters the systemic circulation and lodges in the pulmonary vessels.
pulmonary surfactant Pulmonary surfactant is a surface factor agent that decreases the surface tension.
pulse pressure Pulse pressure is the difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures.
purine Purine is the end product of nucleoprotein digestion.
Raynaud’s phenomenon Raynaud’s is a vasospastic disease of the small arteries and arterioles. Patients have intermittent vasospastic attacks of varying severity and frequency caused by exposure to cold.
regulatory laws Regulatory laws are laws that spell out the rules and regulations of the practice of nursing.
rehabilitative phase of burn injury Rehabilitative phase of burn injury refers to the last stage of a burn injury.
religion Religion is the belief and practices having to do with a higher being.
respiratory synctial virus Respiratory synctial virus is an organism responsible for causing bronchiolitis.
restraints Restraints are methods used to prevent movement of a client. There are two types of restraints: mental or physical.

retinal detachment Retinal detachment is the separation of the inner sensory layers of the retina from the outer pigmented epithelium.
Rinne’s test Rinne’s test is used to compare bone conduction with air conduction. The examiner places and maintains a vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid process of the client’s ear until the client can no longer hear it. The tuning fork is then placed at the outer ear. A normal finding is for the client to continue to hear the vibrations when the tuning fork is placed at the outer ear. This indicates that air conduction exceeds bone conduction.
rubella Rubella is German measles.
Rule of Nines Rule of nines is a method of determining TBSA using percentages of nine for major body areas.
schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions due to alterations in neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine.
scleroderma Scleroderma is a progressive hardening of the skin.
sensorineural hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the auditory nerve.
sepsis Sepsis is systemic infection.
sequelae Sequelae is a condition following a preceding illness.
sex-linked disorder A sex-linked disorder is an inherited disorder carried on the sex chromosome.
side effect A side effect is an effect of a drug other than the desired one.
slander Slander is making false statements that are damaging to another’s reputation.
somatization disorder Somatization disorder is a conversion of mental experiences into bodily symptoms. pulse pressure
spleenectomy Spleenectomy is the surgical removal of the spleen.
spleenomegaly Spleenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen.
steatorrhea Steatorrhea is a fat, frothy stool common in those with cystic fibrosis and celiac disease.
stenosis Stenosis is a narrowing or closure of a passageway.
sexually transmitted infections Sexuallytransmitted infections (STIs) are infectionstransmitted by blood and other body fluids.Some common examples of these are gonorrhea,syphilis, chlamydia, and genital herpes.stridor Stridor refers to crowing respirationsdue to obstructed airway.
subcutaneous Subcutaneous administrationof a drug is the injection of the drug intothe subcutaneous tissue.
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SIADH is a collection of symptomscharacterized by an abnormal production orsustained secretion of antidiuretic hormone.The result of SIADH is altered urinaryoutput. Frequently, SIADH is characterizedby polyuria with a very low specific gravity(diabetes insipidius).
synergistic Synergistic is a term used todescribe a drug that works to enhance theaction of another.
systemic lupus erythematosus Systemiclupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorderthat involves multiple organ systems.
systole Systole is the contraction phase ofthe ventricle. Systolic pressure is normally90–135 mm Hg.
tachypnea Tachypnea means rapid respirations.
tension pneumothorax Tension pneumothoraxis a type of pneumothorax in whichair enters the chest cavity but cannot escape.
tetany Tetany is a neurological disordercharacterized by intermittent tonic spasmsthat usually involve the extremities.
thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia is adecrease in platelet count below the normallevel.
thrombophlebitis Thrombophlebitis is aninflammation of a vein with a clot.
thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH is a hormonesecreted by the anterior portion of thepituitary gland that stimulates the thyroidgland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothronine.
thyroid storm A thyroid storm is an abruptonset of fever, sweating, congestive heartfailure, tachycardia, and cardiac collapse. Athyroid storm is caused by a sudden releaseof thyroid hormone.
time orientation Time orientation is theview of time in the present, past, or future.tinnitus Tinnitus is a reported sensation ofringing in the ears.
tonic movements Tonic movements refersto contractions in movement.
TORCH TORCH stands for a combinationof teratogenic illnesses: toxoplasmosis, rubella,cytomegalovirus, and herpes. TORCHSincludes syphilis.
tort A tort is a wrongful act committed ona person or his property.
total body surface area TBSA is the cumulativepercent of body areas affected byburns.
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxic ShockSyndrome is a potentially life-threateningstreptococcal or staphylococcal infection.toxicity Toxicity is the degree of beingpoisonous.
toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is a protozoanfound in many mammals and birds.
tradition A tradition is a practice passed onfrom generation to generation, usually bythe elders in the community.
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
unit A TENS unit is a battery-operatedunit with electrodes applied to the skin. TheTENS unit produces a tingling, vibrating,or buzzing sensation at a pain site. It worksby stimulating nonpain receptors in thesame areas that transmit the pain.
transphenoidal hypophysectomy A transphenoidalhypophysectomy is the surgicalremoval of the stem of the pituitary glandusing an anterior approach through thesphenoid sinuses.
trichomonas Trichomonas is a flagellaorganism that causes a vaginal discharge.Flagyl is the treatment of choice.trough Trough is the lowest drug level.
Trousseau’s sign Trousseau’s sign isa method used to detect hypocalcemia.Trousseau’s sign can be elicited by placingthe blood pressure cuff on the lower armand looking for a carpopedal spasm.
ultrasonography Ultrasonography is amethod of examining the uterine content.An ultrasound uses ultrasound waves tovisualize internal organs and the fetus. It canalso be used to visualize tumors and otherabnormalities.
umbilical cord The umbilical cord is thelifeline from the mother to the baby. It containstwo arteries and one vein.
Uniform Determination of Death Act TheUniform Determination of Death Act waswritten by the National Conference ofCommissioners on Uniform State Laws tobe used as a model for the purpose of providinga standard or uniform code for determiningdeath among the individual states.
upper respiratory infection An upper respiratoryinfection is a general term used forany infectious process of the nasal passages,pharynx, or bronchi.
urgent Urgent is a category of triagerequiring care for serious but not lifethreateningillness.
valsalva maneuver The valsalva maneuveris the attempt to forcibly exhale against aclosed glottis, nose, and mouth.
value A value is a standard that people useto assess themselves. It is a belief about whatis worthwhile.tort
varicose veins Varicose veins are distended,dilated superficial veins. This conditioncan occur in almost any part of the body butis most common in the lower extremities.
ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardiais an extremely rapid rhythm of theventricle. It is a lethal arrhythmia that leadsto ventricular fibrillation and standstill.
Webber test Webber is a test for one-sideddeafness. The examiner places a vibratingtuning fork in the middle of the client’shead. If the client has an alteration in hearing, she will perceive the sound more on the diseased side.
Wharton’s jelly Wharton’s jelly is the covering of the umbilical cord.