National Electrical Code 2023 Basics: Grounding and Bonding — Flashcards

NEC Article 250 covers grounding and bonding to ensure electrical safety by stabilizing voltage and providing a low-impedance path for fault current. Grounding connects the system to the earth, while Bonding links metallic parts for continuity. Proper grounding and bonding ensure overcurrent devices trip, protecting against shocks. 

Key Grounding and Bonding Concepts:
Grounding Electrode System (NEC 250.52): A reliable, direct connection to the earth, such as a ground rod, concrete-encased electrode (Ufer), or metal water pipe, must be used.
Grounding Electrode Conductor (GEC): Connects the system's grounded conductor to the grounding electrode.
Bonding: Ensures electrical continuity between all non-current-carrying metal parts, creating an effective ground-fault current path.
Main Bonding Jumper: Connects the grounded (neutral) conductor to the equipment grounding conductor at the service entrance.
Effective Ground-Fault Current Path: Must be low impedance and, according to, designed to safely carry maximum fault current, allowing protective devices to operate. 

Essential NEC Requirements:
Two Electrode Rule: Multiple electrodes are typically required if the first does not have a resistance to earth of 25 ohms or less.
Earth is Not a Path: Grounding is not meant to carry fault current back to the source; rather, bonding is.
Bonding Piping/Structure: Exposed structural metal and metal piping systems must be bonded to the electrical service to prevent shock hazards.
Sizing: GECs and bonding jumpers are sized using specific tables (e.g., Table 250.66, Table 250.102(C)(1)) based on the size of the service conductor. 

Difference Between Grounding and Bonding:
Grounding: Protects against high voltage, such as lightning, by referencing the system to the earth.
Bonding: Ensures that all metallic parts are at the same potential, allowing breakers and fuses to work properly if a fault occurs.