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Altered cellular and tissue biology can refer to cellular adaptations that cells make to protect themselves from injury, or to the effects of environmental stimuli or disease on cells.
Cellular adaptations include: Atrophy: A decrease in cell size Hypertrophy: An increase in cell size Hyperplasia: An increase in cell number Dysplasia: Atypical hyperplasia Metaplasia: A cellular adaptation
Cells can adapt to physiologic demands or stress to achieve homeostasis. When cells are pushed beyond their adaption capacity, they can become injured. Cellular injury can be caused by: Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen Free radicals: Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) Chemical or toxic injury: Xenobiotics, carbon tetrachloride, lead, ethanol, mercury, carbon monoxide, social or street drugs, chemical agents including drugs, opioid abuse Environmental toxins: Air pollution, heavy metals, lead, cadmium and arsenic, ethanol, fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Related Test: Pathophysiology Practice Test: Cellular Biology
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