In South Africa, institutionalized racism (racism was embedded in the law) was known as ___. After Nelson Mandela, who died on December, 2013, was released from prison, this system was dismantled (from 1990-1994).

Peace studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that draws on political science, sociology, history, anthropology, theology, psychology, philosophy, and other fields to:

understand the causes of armed conflict;
develop ways to prevent and resolve war, genocide, terrorism, gross violations of human rights; and
build peaceful and just systems and societies.