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Common Logical Flaws
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Common Logical Flaws
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19 Questions

1. Assumes that only two courses of action are available when there may be others

2. This type of flawed argument attacks the person (or source) instead of the argument advanced

3. Occurs when an author makes conflicting statements

4. Assumes that conditions will remain constant over time - and that what was the case in the past will be case in the future.

5. Uses the opinion of an authority in an attempt to persuade the reader

6. Occurs when the author attributes a characteristic of part of the group to the group as a whole or to each member of the group

7. 1. Lack of evidence for a position is take to prove that position is false. 2. Lack of evidence against a position is taken to prove that position is true.

8. The author misuses information to such a degree that they fail to provide any information to support their conclusion or present information irrelevant to the conclusion

9. The author assumes as true What is supposed to be proved

10. Using a term in different ways is inherently confusing and undermines the integrity of the argument

11. The author uses an analogy too dissimilar to the original situation to be applicable

12. Occurs when the author attributes a characteristic of the whole to a part of the group

13. Takes a small number of instances and treats those instances as if they support a broad - sweeping conclusion (often appears as an incorrect answer)

14. The author mistakes a necessary condition for a sufficient condition - or vise-versa

15. The author improperly equates a percentage with a definite quantity or uses quantity information to make a judgment about the percentage represented by that quantity.

16. 1. Assuming a causal relationship on the basis of the sequence of events 2. Assuming a causal relationship when only a correlation exists 3. Failure to consider an alternative cause for the effect 4. Failure to consider that the events may be reverse

17. Occurs when emotions or emotionally-charged language is used in an attempt to persuade the reader

18. This error states that a position is true because the majority believes it to be true

19. 1. The survey uses a biased sample. 2. The survey questions are improperly constructed. 3. Respondents to the survey give inaccurate responses.

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