1.
release digestive enzymes that mix w/ the food to begin chemical digestion and lubricate the mouth

2. ring-shaped muscle that tightens to control the excretion of solid waste from the digestive tract

3.
ring-shaped muscle that tightens to separate the stomach from the small intestine

4. remaining waste from digestion collects in rectum
-terminal section of large intestine

5. 'Which of the following is NOT a role of gastric HCl?
-Denaturing proteins
-Activating zymogens
-Sterilizing pathogens
-Buffering gastric pH"

6. liquid in the stomach containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of protein
-maintains the pH of the stomach b/t 1 and 2

7.
-terminal part of the small intestine
-vitamin B12 absorbed here
-bile salts and acids are also absorbed here

8. origin: pancreas
-digests lipids and fats in the small intestine

9. origin: pancreas
-neutralizes chyme as it enters the duodenum

10. chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller compounds that can be utilized by the body

11. terminal end/final portion of the alimentary canal and site of solid waste excretion
-remaining waste is expelled through the anus
-regulated by action of the anal sphincter

12. triggered when the chewed food (bolus) is sensed by the pharynx

13.
-approximately 90% of nutrients will be absorbed here, w/ the exception of vitamin B12 (only absorbed in ileum)
-middle part of small intestine where most absorption occurs

14.
-pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines
-digested material from ileum passes through here

15. Excess intake of acetaminophen, an over-the-counter pain reliever, can affect the functioning of the liver. Which of the following is a possible result of taking too much acetaminophen?

16. In which of the following is the digestion of food completed?

17.
-part of the alimentary canal below the stomach in which digestion is completed and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occurs
-where digestion is completed and absorption begins
-3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

18. stimulus for release: fat in bloodstream
-released from: adipose (fat) tissue
-target: hypothalamus
-function: reduces hunger by signaling satiety

19.
-water, salts, and vitamin K are absorbed here
-proximal part of the large intestine

20. stimulus for release: acid in stomach
-released from: stomach
-target: secretory stomach cells
-function: inhibits gastric secretion and slows digestion

21.
-pathway through the body that food travels while being digested and absorbed, as well as the accessory organs that release secretions necessary for digestion to occur
-food enters the canal through the mouth

22. system of organs that breaks down foods into nutrients that the body can use
-ALSO known as digestive system or the GI system
-accomplished by the processes of digestion and absorption
-controlled by the autonomic nervous system and regulated by series of hormonal feedback loops
-smooth muscle is effected by emotions
-sympathetic nervous system slows digestion and can cause the bowels to empty in preparation of dealing w/ a threat
-the parasympathetic nervous system increases blood flow to the stomach and intestine
-components: oral cavity, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, colon, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anus

23. A client has a disease that involves her gallbladder. Which of the following processes is most likely to be affected?

24. chewed food
-to be swallowed, first must be sensed by the pharynx
-bolus passes through the esophagus and then into the stomach

25. Also called a proenzyme - is an inactive precursor of an enzyme.