ATI TEAS V English & Language Usage - Study Guide Part 2

Indirect Dialogue
Tells ABOUT what someone said.

Direct Dialogue
Offers a more specific perspective, the reader can see the exact words someone says.

Attributive Tag
The part of the sentence that indicates who said a direct quote, is followed by a comma, and the quotation marks open and close the direct dialogue,

Quotation Marks
Open and close a quotation.

Context Clues
Words surrounding an unfamiliar word that can help in discerning the meaning of the unfamiliar word.

Types of Context Clues Include
Definitions: The definition of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
Descriptions: A description of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
Example: Examples of the unfamiliar word are given in the sentence.
Synonym: A synonym of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
Antonym: A antonym of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
Comparison: A comparison is used in the sentence that helps give meaning to the unfamiliar word.
Contrast: The unfamiliar word is contrasted to known words or phrases.
Explanation: The unfamiliar word is defined in the sentence through an explanation of a situation.

Paragraph
A group of sentences that forms a cohesive whole due to its similar topic or theme.

Topic Sentence
The topic of the given at or near the beginning of a paragraph

Transition
Smooth movement from one point to the next

Support
Can come in the form of details, or examples that clearly explain the topic.

Analysis
Will help defend the supporting sentences and provide a conclusion.

Conclusion
The writers way of moving on to the next topic.

IE and EI Words
I before e, except after c, or when sounded like a as in words neighbor and weigh.

IE Words
Example: Believe, Friend, Grievous, Niece,Siege.
Exception: Ancient, Conscience, Efficient, Policies, Species, Science, Society, Sufficient.

EI Words
Example: Ceiling, Conceit, Conceive, Neighbor, Receipt, Receive, Reign, Sleigh, Veil, Weigh.
Exception: Either, Foreign, Height, Leisure, Neither, Protein, Seize, Weird.

Suffixes for Words Ending in E
1. If a word ends in a silent E and the added suffix begins with a consonant, then keep the letter E when adding the suffix.
2. If the word ends in a silent E and the added suffix begins with a vowel, then drop the letter E when adding the suffix.

Suffixes for Words Ending in Y
1. If a word ends with a Y preceded by a vowel, keep the y when adding a suffix.
2. If a word ends in Y preceded by a consonant change the Y to I before adding a suffix.

Suffixes for Words Ending in a Consonant-Vowel-Consonant Pattern
1. If a word has one syllable and ends with a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, then double the final consonant before adding a vowel. i.e. Bag+age= baggage
2. If a word has more than one syllable, but the accent is on the last syllable, then double the final consonant before adding a suffix that beginning with a vowel. i.e. compel +ing = compelling

Suffix for Words Ending in C
If a word ends in C and a suffix beginning with E,I, or Y is added, then the letter K should be inserted following the letter C. i.e. mimic + ed = mimicked

Words Ending in -CEED, -SEDE, AND -CEDE
In English there are four words that end in -ceed, and one word that ends in -sede. Other words with the same sound end in -cede.

-CEED
Emceed
Exceed
Proceed
Succeed

-SEDE
Supersede

-CEDE
Accede
Antecede
Concede
Intercede
Recede
Retrocede

Words Ending in -ABLE, or -IBLE
1. If the root word is a complete word, then add -ABLE. (If the root ends in E, drop the E before adding -ABLE).
2. If the root word is not a complete word, then add -IBLE

Words Ending in -ANCE, -ANCY, -ANT, or -ENCE, -ENCY, -ENT
1. If the suffix is preceded by a hard C or G sound, then the suffix is -ANCE, -ANCY, or -ANT.
2. If the suffix is preceded by a soft C or G sound, then the suffix is -ENCE, -ENCY, or -ENT.

Words Ending in -TION, -SION, or -CIAN
1. If the root word ends in -T, then the suffix -TION can be added.
2. If the root word ends in -S, then the suffix -SION can be added.
3. If a word names a person, then it should end in -CIAN

Homophone
One of two or more words pronounced alike but different in meaning or derivation or spelling

Affect - Verb: To have an effect on.
Effect - Noun: Something that is brought about by a cause.

Ascent -Noun: A slope that angles upward.
Assent - Noun: Agreement.

All ready - Adjective: Everyone or everything is ready
Already - Adverb: By this time

All Together -Adjetive: Everyone in a group
Altogether - Adverb: Entirely, Completely.

Altar - Noun: A structure used in worship
Alter - Verb: To change

Bear - Verb: To carry or support
Bare - Verb: To expose

Capital - Noun: A leading or governing city
Capitol - Noun: A building that houses a states lawmakers

Cite - Verb: To use as an example; to quote
Site - Noun: A location

Complement - Noun: An element that completes
Compliment - Noun: A remark of appreciation

Council - Noun: A body of people assembled for advice.
Counsel - Noun: Advice

Descent - Noun: A slope that angles downward.
Dissent - Noun: Disagreement

Dying - Verb: Ceasing to live
Dyeing - Verb: Coloring a fabric

Forth - Adverb: Forward in place or time.
Fourth - Noun: The element in a series that is next after the third element.

Principal - Noun: Chief or Leader
Principle - Noun: A belief or rule of conduct.

Stationary - Adjective: Not Moving
Stationery - Noun: Paper for writing letters.

Their - Adjective: Belonging to them.
They're - Contraction of they are
There - Adjective: In that place

To - Preposition: Indicates movement or intent
Too - Adverb: Also
Two - Adjective: Something that has two units
 

Whose - Adjective: Belonging to whom
Who's - Contraction of who is

Your - Adjective: Belonging to you
You're - Contraction of you are

Capitalize cardinal directions and their compounds when they refer to particular regions.
West Canada
the South

Capitalize geographical locations
Kansas City, Hawaii, Chapman Building, Lincoln Park, Atlantic Ocean, South America etc.

Capitalize names of specific organizations, companies, institution and government agencies.
Spanish Club, Ford Foundation, University of Mexico, Department of Defense etc.

Capitalize the names of historical events or documents, months, days, special events, and calender items.
French Revolution, Atlantic Pact, August, Sunday, World Series, Prom, Christmas Eve, Labor Day etc.

Capitalize the names of nationalities, race, and religions.
Turkish, Caucasian, Christian

Capitalize the names of monuments, ships, planes, and awards.
Washington Monument, Mayflower, Tony, Oscar etc.

Capitalize proper names, titles, and rank or honor.
Dr.Jennifer Rawley, President Lincoln, Queen Mary etc.

Capitalize words showing family relationship when they are part of a title or used as a proper noun.
Uncle Lewis, Cousin Li, Aunt Margy

Capitalize the main words in titles of books, poems, plays, articles, musical compositions, chapters of books, etc.
the New York Times, A Tale of Two Cities, Computers for Dummies, The Phantom of the Opera etc.

Capitalize words referring to specific deities.
Lord, God, Osiris, Allah, Poseidon, Zeus etc.

Capitalize the first word in every line of poetry and the first word of a complete quotation.
Twinkle, twinkle little star
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
etc.

Capitalize the names on season ONLY if they are personified or are part of a specific event. Otherwise they ARE NOT capitalized.
Heralded in trumpet blare, comes Spring across the threshold in scented frock and maiden hair.
My favorite season is summer.
I cant wait for the Winter Olympics.

Apostrophes
1. To form a possessive case of a noun or indefinite pronoun that doesn't end on S, add an apostrophe and an S.
2. To form the possessive case of a plural noun that ends in an S, it is generally considered appropriate to add only the apostrophe.
3. Plural nouns that do not end in an S form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and an S.
4. Use an apostrophe in certain expressions of time.
5. Use an apostrophe to pluralize letters, numbers, and words that normally do not have plurals.
6. Use an apostrophe to show omission of letters or numbers as in contractions or dates.