By Fatskills Exam Guides Team — the exam nerds behind 28,500+ quizzes and 2.1M practice questions across 500+ global exams.
This guide covers the four A+ 220-1101 exam objectives related to knowledge of mobile devices. These objectives may comprise 15 percent of the exam questions: Core 1 (220-1101): Objective 1.1: Given a scenario, install and configure laptop hardware and components. Core 1 (220-1101): Objective 1.2: Compare and contrast the display components of mobile devices. Core 1 (220-1101): Objective 1.3: Given a scenario, set up and configure accessories and ports of mobile devices. Core 1 (220-1101): Objective 1.4: Given a scenario, configure basic mobile device network connectivity and application support. Key Topics to know: Define the following key terms from this guide, and check your answers in the glossary:
Installing and Configuring Laptop Hardware and Components Laptop Access Keyboard Hard Drive Storage HDD/SSD Migration Memory Mini PCIe Wireless Card USB Travel Routers and Wireless WAN Cards Battery Physical Privacy and Security Components Biometrics Near-field Scanner Features Display Components of Mobile Devices Display Components Screens LCD OLED Wi-Fi Antenna Connector/Placement Webcam Microphone Inverter Touchscreen/Digitizer Setting Up and Configuring Accessories and Ports of Mobile Devices Connection Methods: Wired Micro-USB/Mini-USB for Android and Windows USB-C Lightning for Apple iOS Hotspot Serial Interfaces Proprietary Vendor-Specific Ports (Communication/Power) Connection Types: Wireless NFC Bluetooth Hotspot Accessories Headsets Speakers Touch Pens Webcam Trackpad/Drawing Pad Docking Station Port Replicator Configuring Basic Mobile Device Network Connectivity and Application Support Wireless/Cellular Data Network Connectivity for Mobile Devices Enabling and Disabling 2G/3G/4G(LTE)/5G Enabling/Disabling Hotspots Enabling/Disabling Tethering GSM vs. CDMA PRL Updates/Baseband Updates Bluetooth Steps to Configure a Bluetooth Headset on an Android-Based Device Steps to Configure a Bluetooth Headset on an iOS Device GPS and Cellular Location Services Mobile Device Management (MDM) Mobile Application Management (MAM) Mobile Device Synchronization Types of Data to Synchronize Synchronization Methods Commercial Mail Synchronization
The mobile device category includes laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Because of the variety of operating systems, form factors, port types, and capabilities, supporting these devices is a bigger challenge than ever.
Installing and Configuring Laptop Hardware and Components 220-1101: Objective 1.1: Given a scenario, install and configure laptop hardware and components. Because the display, keyboard, and network hardware are integrated into a laptop, the laptop uses specialized or proprietary components for the hard drive, optical drive, system board, memory, CPU, and other components. Replacing these devices involves far different procedures than on a desktop computer. The following are some of the general differences: Component sources: Replacement components such as display, keyboard, wireless network card, and system board are available only from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). These are known as OEM parts. Other components, such as optical drives and hard drives, memory, and the CPU, can be purchased from third-party sources but differ greatly from their desktop counterparts. Power sources: A laptop is powered by an internal battery and an AC adapter that also charges the battery. As with other laptop components, the original vendor is the most typical source for replacements, although some third-party vendors sell “universal” replacement AC adapters that work. Components unique to laptops: Laptops include several components that are typically not included on desktop computers, including an antenna in the display that is connected to a mini-PCIe card to provide wireless networking, a keyboard with an integrated touchpad or pointing stick, a touchscreen or non-touchscreen display, and integrated speakers. These differences, along with the extensive use of plastics and the use of tiny screws, make servicing a laptop a major challenge, even for those who are experienced with servicing a desktop computer. Laptop Access When disassembling a laptop to upgrade internal hardware or to replace a defective component, several best practices should be followed to make the reassembly process as easy as possible: Refer to manufacturer documentation: Documentation helps properly identify screw types, screw lengths, number of screws (some laptops have more than 100), cable and component locations, and other information needed. Most vendors offer this information online, but some manufacturers insist on doing the repairs themselves and do not provide documentation for access to these components. Use appropriate hand tools for case disassembly and component removal: Using recommended tool types and sizes helps prevent problems such as damaging screw heads by using a screwdriver that is too large. Repair documentation typically lists the recommended tools for each procedure. Proceed with caution! If part of the laptop is broken, a replacement will have to be ordered. Document and label cable and screw locations: Laptops typically use a mixture of screw lengths and sometimes screw types, and it is important to keep them separate and put them back in the original holes. Swapping screws could damage components. Taking photos at different stages of disassembly can be valuable during the reassembly process. Organize parts: Consider using a multiple-compartment parts tray with a lid (available at hardware stores) for parts sorting and storage. A magnetic dish also helps prevent loss of parts. The Laptop Repair 101 website (www.laptoprepair101.com) provides many useful resources, including links to major vendors’ laptop service manuals, illustrated step-by-step procedures for the removal of many components, and links to parts sources. If you need to replace the battery, mass storage (hard disk, SSD, SSHD, or optical drive), SODIMM RAM, or wireless adapter on a typical laptop, you need to access these components from the bottom of the laptop. Figure shows the underside of a typical laptop and its access panels. Figure below shows the same laptop after the access panels have been removed for component upgrades or replacements.
The Underside of a Typical Laptop, with Removable Panels The Same Laptop , after Opening Access Panels to Permit Component Replacements or Upgrades
Some laptops use a single cover instead of multiple covers for all upgradable components. Some laptops require disassembly to access the hard disk drive or SSD mass storage. Check the system documentation for details. Keyboard If a laptop keyboard or its pointing device (touchpad or pointing stick) fails, the unit must be replaced. A laptop with a touchpad has a keyboard that is separate from the touchpad, whereas a laptop with a pointing stick has a pointing stick that is integrated with the keyboard. Some laptops have both types of pointing devices (see Figure). A Business-Class Laptop with a Pointing Stick and a Touchpad
Touchpads are generally located in the palm rest (which extends below the keyboard). Pointing sticks, such as the IBM/Lenovo TrackPoint and Toshiba AccuPoint, are located in the middle of the keyboard (with buttons located in the palm rest). To replace a keyboard (with or without a pointing stick), follow this basic procedure: Step 1. Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery. Step 2. Remove the screws that hold the keyboard in place. Step 3. Turn the laptop upright. Step 4. Open the screen so that the keyboard is visible. Step 5. If necessary, remove the bezel that holds the keyboard in place. Step 6. Lift up the keyboard to expose the keyboard cable. Step 7. Remove any hold-down devices used to hold the keyboard cable in place. Step 8. Disconnect the keyboard cable from the system board (see Figure). Removing the Keyboard Cable
Step 9. Remove the keyboard. To install a replacement, reverse these steps. It is a good idea to look for instructions on the manufacturer’s website. For example, some laptops require that the display be removed before the keyboard. Hard Drive Storage Most laptop computers use one 2.5-inch storage drive that comes in one of three common choices: HDD, SSD, or SSHD. Each has strengths and weaknesses, and each could be the right choice, depending on the scenario presented: Hard disk drive (HDD): These magnetic disks have been a standard option for years and combine low cost with large capacity. However, they are slower than the other options. Because they use magnetic disks and moving parts that can wear down, they are the least reliable of the three options. Solid-state drive (SSD): SSD is a flash memory drive with no moving parts. It is much faster than an HDD when booting and storing or retrieving data. Although SSDs currently cost more than HDDs, their prices are dropping and their capacity is improving. Many newer laptops have M.2 expansion ports and can support an M.2 SSD card that is directly mounted to the circuit board for even faster reading. Solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD): An SSHD combines a solid-state cache with magnetic capacity. It uses a memory manager to choose the most common files for the fast cache.
This table highlights the differences among these three hard drive options. Table: Comparison of HDD, SSD, and SSHD
Some laptops use the 1.8-inch or 2.5-inch SSD form factor (hard disks or SSD). The larger 3.5-inch drive form factor is used in desktop drive enclosures or in desktop computers. Although a few laptop computers require removing the keyboard to access the hard drive, most laptops feature storage devices that can be accessed from the bottom of the system. Follow this procedure to remove and replace a storage device (HDD, SSD, or SSHD) accessible from the bottom: Step 2. Loosen or remove the screw or screws used to hold the drive cover in place. Step 3. Slide the cover away from the retaining lug or clips and remove it. Step 4. Remove the screws holding the drive to the chassis. Step 5. Slide the drive away from the retaining screw holes and lift it out of the chassis (see >Figure 1-5). Removing a Laptop Hard Disk After Removing the Retaining Screws
Step 6. If the computer uses an interposer—that is, a proprietary connector linking the drive’s SATA connector and the drive bay—remove it and save it for reuse. Step 7. Remove the screws fastening the drive to the drive frame. Step 8. Remove the drive from the drive frame (see Figure). A Laptop Hard Disk After Being Removed from Its Mounting Frame
Step 9. Insert the new hard drive into the drive frame. Reverse these steps to install a new hard drive.
After the system is restarted, start the computer and enter the BIOS or UEFI setup program to verify that the system has properly recognized the new hard drive. HDD/SSD Migration Hard drive migration is the process of copying or cloning data from an old hard drive to a new hard drive. Before cloning a new hard drive, a couple steps need to be taken. First, create a full backup of the computer on an external drive. This ensures that no data is lost if something goes wrong in the migration process. Then check to ensure that the new hard drive has enough space to hold all the data from the old hard drive. Finally, to copy data from one hard drive to another, disk cloning software (either built in or third party) needs to be installed and set up. Remember to set the old hard drive as the source disk and to set the new hard drive as the destination disk. When the cloning process is complete, ensure that everything is operating normally, with all settings correct and all data present. Memory The variety of available computer memory can cause confusion. >Table 1-3 provides a brief list of memory types, including memory specifically for laptops.
Table: RAM Review
When selecting the right memory upgrade for a laptop, note the following: Form factor: Most laptops in service use DDR3, DDR4, or DDR5 SODIMMs. DDR5 SODIMM, the latest generation, offers twice the transfer rate and operates at a lower voltage, compared to DDR4 SODIMM. Memory speed: When adding a module, make sure it is the same speed as the existing module. When replacing the modules, buy a matched set of modules in the fastest speed the system supports. Memory timing: The most common way to refer to memory timing is by its column address strobe (CAS) value. Installing memory modules that use different CAS values can cause the laptop to become unstable and crash or lock up. To determine the correct memory to use for a memory upgrade, use one of the following methods: Use the interactive memory upgrade tools available from major third-party memory vendors’ websites: These tools list the memory modules suitable for particular laptops and detect the currently installed memory. Crucial System Scanner is a useful tool for showing what is currently installed and what is compatible. For more information, visit one of these sites. (These are only two of many online memory marketplaces.) www.crucial.com/usa/en/systemscanner www.kingston.com/unitedstates/us/configurator Check the vendor’s memory specifications: Determining part numbers is possible by using this method, but this method works best if memory must be purchased from the laptop vendor rather than from a memory vendor. Generally, laptops have two connectors for memory, typically using small outline DIMMs (SODIMMs), which are reduced-size versions of DIMM modules.
This figure compares a typical DDR3 SODIMM with a DDR3 DIMM and a DDR4 DIMM. Comparison of SODIMMs and DIMMs
This Table compares the major features of SODIMMs (also known as SO-DIMMs).
Table: SODIMM Features
Tip: The best memory upgrade for a portable system is to add the largest-capacity memory modules that can be installed in the system. To improve performance, use matched sets on systems that support multichannel memory.
Follow these steps to perform a typical memory upgrade: Step 2. Remove any screws or hold-down devices. Step 3. Remove the old memory module(s), if necessary. To remove a memory module, pull back the clips on both sides and swing the memory up and out. Step 4. Insert the new memory upgrade, making sure the contacts on the edge of the module make a firm connection with the connector. Step 5. Push down the top of the module until the latches lock into place (see Figure). Installing a SODIMM Module on a Typical Laptop
Step 6. If the memory socket requires screws to secure the memory in place, install them. Step 7. To complete the upgrade, close the cover and secure it. Step 8. Test the upgrade by starting the system and running a memory diagnostic tool. (Windows includes memory testing software, and you can also download a memory testing program.) Mini PCIe A Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot in a computer is a slot for plugging in add-on peripherals. This slot provides access to the motherboard for a device such as a Wi-Fi modem, a video graphics processing unit (GPU), or added storage with an M.2 card. miniPCI Express (mPCIe) cards perform functions similar to those of the PCIe card, but they are designed for the compact space of a laptop. The mPCIe slots in a laptop are used for plugging in wireless cards and also for M.2 memory modules. Other examples of modules that can plug into mPCIe slots are GPS units, cellular cards, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) cards. Wireless Card A laptop with Wi-Fi or Bluetooth support typically uses either an mPCIe expansion card or an M.2 card to provide wireless network support. Additionally, the M.2 card form factor (also called NGFF, for next-generation form factor) is used for SSD and other I/O devices. Note that an M.2 card slot made for SSD cannot be used for Wi-Fi or Bluetooth cards. Regardless of which wireless card a laptop uses, two antennas lead from the Wi-Fi antennas built into the display panel and need to be connected to the card. To remove a wireless card, follow this basic procedure: Step 1. Verify the location of the card. Some laptops have the card under the keyboard; others have the card under a removable cover on the bottom of the computer. Step 2. Disconnect the laptop from AC power and remove the battery. If the card is located under the keyboard, remove the keyboard. If the card is located under an access panel, remove the screws holding the access panel in place. Step 3. Disconnect any wires connected to the adapter. They might be screwed into place or snapped into place. Note their positions. Step 4. Unscrew any bolts holding the card in place. A miniPCIe card (refer to Figure) uses two mounting bolts; an M.2 card (refer to Figure) uses a single mounting bolt. Removing a miniPCIe Wireless Card A Typical M.2 Wireless Adapter
Step 5. Rotate the card upward at a slight angle and remove it from the slot. Step 6. If the card is attached to a bracket, remove the card from the bracket. To reinstall the card or replace it with a different card, reverse these steps. USB Travel Routers and Wireless WAN Cards Another option for traveling users is a mobile hotspot. Each cell provider has its own version of a hotspot and can add a hotspot with a data plan to the user’s cell account. Battery A failing laptop battery can be a source of all kinds of problems for the user. Most manufacturers have diagnostic software that reports on the health of the battery and estimates how many cycles are left. It is best to be proactive in battery replacement. If you need to purchase a replacement battery for a laptop, consider getting a larger-capacity battery, if one is available for the model being repaired.
Before you replace any internal components, you must remove the system from all power sources. Follow this procedure: Step 1. Turn off the computer. Step 2. Disconnect the AC adapter from the computer. Step 3. Open the battery compartment in the unit; it might be secured by a sliding lock or by screws. Step 4. If the battery is under a removable cover, remove the battery compartment cover. Step 5. Open the lock that holds the battery in place. Step 6. Slide or lift out the battery (see >Figure 1-11). If the battery is a flat assembly, it might be held in place by a clip; if so, push the clip to one side to release the battery. Removing a Battery from a Typical Laptop Computer
Step 7. Examine the battery contacts inside the computer for dirt or corrosion, and clean dirty contacts with a soft cloth. To replace the battery, follow these steps: Step 1. Line up the replacement battery with the contacts inside the battery compartment. Make sure you insert the battery so that the positive and negative terminals are in the right directions. Step 2. Slide or clip the battery into place. Step 3. Replace any cover over the battery compartment. Step 4. If the battery must be charged before use, plug in the AC adapter to both the computer and the wall outlet. Check the computer’s manual for the proper charge time for the new battery. Take precautions against ESD when you change the battery. Discharge any static electricity in your body by touching a metal object before you open the battery compartment, and do not touch the contacts on the battery or the contacts in the battery compartment with your hands. Physical Privacy and Security Components The use of mobile devices for personal financial transactions is steadily trending upward. With this increased use comes the need for increased security and reliability when authenticating users who are transferring money. Biometrics Biometrics are the physical characteristics of someone that make that person uniquely identifiable in the world. Examples of biometrics are fingerprint readers, retina scanners, and facial recognition software. One or more of these biometrics is scanned into authentication software, and the device then uses the details of those biometrics to validate the user. Smartphones and tablets commonly include biometric authentication. Although this feature has been slower to arrive in laptops, many newer models now include biometric readers. Near-field Scanner Features Near-field communications (NFC) technology is currently most commonly used for peer-to-peer payments and other transactions on newer smartphones. NFC allows secure communication between devices that are physically close. NFC range is about 4 inches (10cm). For example, when making a purchase at a grocery store, a customer might want to pay with a debit card stored on his or her phone. When the customer accesses the digital wallet to pay, the phone will likely ask for biometric verification of identity and then use NFC to communicate between the phone and the store’s payment system. Biometrics and NFC work together this way to keep digital commerce simple and secure. Devices that use NFC are common. Smartphones after iPhone 6 support Apple Pay. Depending on the manufacturer, devices running Android 4.0 and later support Samsung Pay or Google Pay. NFC on mobile devices has other uses, too, such as connecting to speakers for music, accessing locked automobiles, controlling door access for some locking systems, and accessing transportation such as busses and trains. As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand, we can expect interactions with NFC applications to expand as well. Display Components of Mobile Devices 220-1101: Objective 1.2: Compare and contrast the display components of mobile devices. Display Components A computer display screen typically consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD) or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, and any communication peripherals are added separately. Laptop screens are specially designed to accommodate a webcam, a microphone, Wi-Fi antennas, and often touchscreen digitizers and inverters. An LCD screen uses a backlight to illuminate light-modulating liquid crystals. When an electric current passes through the crystals, they arrange into patterns that become the image on the screen. LCD screens are customized to different device types, and some have Wi-Fi antennas attached. In many ways, OLED screens are advanced compared to LED screens. They are brighter, they use less energy (saving on battery use), and they are both flexible and foldable. However, the screens themselves are much thinner and more subject to cracking or breaking when they are dropped or mishandled. The display of a laptop is simply known as a screen, but there is more to a display than meets the eye. Different types of screens exist, with various components behind the glass that make them work. The following sections cover the essentials of screen technology. Screens Replacing screens can be a difficult task, and it involves expensive and delicate parts. Some vendors provide online documentation of the entire process of reducing an intact portable into many parts and then rebuilding it. However, this information is primarily intended for professional computer service staff. LCD A liquid crystal display (LCD) is made with either a passive or active-matrix display grid. Active matrix is considered the better technology and has replaced passive-matrix in current laptops and mobile devices. An active-matrix screen uses a transistor for every dot onscreen; for example, a 1,600 900 active-matrix LCD screen has 1,440,000 transistors. Each pixel intersection in an active-matrix screen has a transistor, and a small current is sent across the screen grid. The transistors can manage the current on the screen very quickly, giving the user an experience of smoothly flowing motion.
There are several types of LCD screens, and each has advantages and disadvantages.
The following three are the most common: In-plane switching (IPS): The plane in IPS refers to an area between two glass layers under the screen. This area is the plane that holds liquid crystal cells (or pixels) horizontally. When electrodes in the screen are activated, the cells “switch” by rotating and allowing light and color to show. These are so close and work so quickly that the screen can appear to display fluid motion when called for. This is the most popular type of active-matrix display in use. The response time with IPS screens is very fast, but they may not offer the deep contrast of other types of screens. Twisted nematic (TN): This term refers to transparent liquid crystals that cause light to polarize when they are energized. This technology was important in the growth of LCD screens because high quality could come with very low voltage usage. The twist refers to the form of the crystal molecules when no power is applied. When turned on, the molecules untwist and allow light through, to be polarized. Vertical alignment (VA): In the off state, the crystal molecules align perpendicular to the electric field. When energized, they align themselves parallel to the glass plates. VA displays offer high contrast in pictures, but the crystal response time is slower than with TN or IPS screens. OLED An organic LED (OLED) offers the highest quality of liquid crystal display because, unlike other LCD types, it uses a layer of organic compounds between two electrodes to emit light. As a consequence, the brightness of each OLED pixel can be individually controlled. OLED displays have been developed in two forms: passive matrix (PMOLED) and active matrix (AMOLED). The advantages of OLED are as follows: Brighter: OLEDs can be larger than other types of screens and offer higher resolutions. Thinner in size and lighter in weight: OLEDs are a good choice for smartphones, tablets, and convertible (two-in-one) units that switch between laptop and tablet modes. Energy efficient: Only the lit pixels draw power; with good application design, this can greatly extend battery life. Faster refresh rates: OLEDs can refresh quickly, which makes them a favorite of gamers who value quick response time. Wi-Fi Antenna Connector/Placement Although the miniPCIe card that contains the Wi-Fi radio is located in the base of a laptop, the Wi-Fi antenna is usually part of the screen assembly (see Figure below). If a laptop screen is damaged, the Wi-Fi antennas might also be damaged. In an OLED display, the inverter is not present, but the rest of the components are in the same locations. Wi-Fi Antennas, Wires, Inverter, Webcam, and Microphone in a Typical LCD Display
Webcam Almost every laptop display assembly includes a webcam at the top-center edge of the display assembly (refer to Figure below). If a webcam fails, it can be replaced after performing a partial teardown of the laptop assembly. However, replacing with a higher-resolution webcam will likely require using an external webcam that plugs into a USB port. Microphone A microphone is also part of the display assembly. It is used by the webcam and works for other recording purposes, as needed (refer to Figure). If a microphone fails, it can be replaced after performing a partial teardown of the laptop assembly. However, replacing the original with a higher-quality microphone can require using a microphone as part of a headset that plugs into an audio port or a USB port. Inverter An LCD laptop display is easy to read because of two components: the inverter and the backlight. If either fails, the laptop display becomes so dim that it is almost impossible to use. The inverter (refer to Figure figure) is a power converter that changes low-voltage DC power into the higher-voltage AC power needed to power a backlight. If the inverter fails, the backlight will not work. Inverter failure is the most common cause of LCD display failure. Inverters are relatively inexpensive to replace, and they can be purchased for do-it-yourself (DIY) replacement. Many technicians have uploaded demonstrations of changing inverters to the Web. A good resource for all things LCD is >www.lcdpart.com. Touchscreen/Digitizer A touchscreen display differs from a standard laptop display, in that it has a digitizer layer on top of the display panel. The digitizer detects and transmits touches to the laptop processor. Digitizers are also used on touchscreen smartphones, tablets, fitness monitors, smart watches, phablets, e-readers, and smart cameras. If the digitizer layer is damaged but the display panel is intact, the digitizer layer can be replaced separately. For examples of pricing and availability of digitizers, see>www.touchscreendigitizer.net. Demonstrations of replacing a digitizer are available online. Setting Up and Configuring Accessories and Ports of Mobile Devices 220-1101: Objective 1.3: Given a scenario, set up and configure accessories and ports of mobile devices. Mobile devices are popular because they can provide the functionality of a connected computer without the wires and cables necessary on a traditional PC. However, some accessories can greatly augment the use of a mobile device for the user. This section discusses common connection methods for accessories that add function to a mobile device. Connection Methods: Wired Wired connections have long been moving from proprietary design to universal standards such as USB 3.1, USB 3.2, and USB-C. The following sections describe a few wired connection types that a technician will likely encounter. Micro-USB/Mini-USB for Android and Windows For a brief period, the 5-pin mini-USB port was used for Android smartphones. Most recently, the USB-On-The-Go connector has become the de facto standard for both Android smartphones and tablets. However, some recent Android tablets use the reversible USB Type C connector. Most Android tablets and smartphones (depending on the model) use the USB-On-The-Go (micro-USB) connector or the USB Type C connector. compares 30-pin, Lightning, 5-pin mini-USB, micro-USB, and USB Type C cables. All these cables have the standard USB Type A connector on the other end. The Most Common Mobile Power/Sync Cables
USB-C The relationship between USB 3.x USB-C can be confusing, and it is important to know that not all USB-C cables are the same. Different standards of USB, such as USB 3.1 and 3.2 (and even the approaching USB 4.0), might all use the USB-C type connector. The USB-C connector has some important benefits: Most notably, it is easier to plug in because it works with either side of the cable up. The connector is standard, but the cable standards can vary. As a result, it is a good idea to use the USB-C cables and connectors that the manufacturer provides. When purchasing USB-C cables from a source other than the manufacturer, be sure to check the technical specifications for the device and match them to the cable being purchased. Otherwise, a device might be underpowered and the fast charging of some devices might be disabled. During the last few years, manufacturers have begun using USB-C for power as well. USB-C can deliver up to 100W of power, which is enough to charge and power some laptops. Many manufacturers have replaced standard power cables with USB-C connectors and wall adaptors. Lightning for Apple iOS Older iOS devices (up through the iPhone 4 series and the third-generation iPad) used the 30-pin connector. However, starting in 2012, Apple standardized on the 8-pin reversible >Lightning connector for iPhones, iPads, iPods, and other mobile devices. (The iPad Pro, however, uses USB Type-C.) Hotspot Most smartphones can share a cellular data connection by using tethering. Wired tethering involves attaching the phone to a laptop or tablet with a phone cable with a USB connection. When tethering is done wirelessly, the phone becomes a hotspot (see the upcoming section under “Connection Types: Wireless”). Serial Interfaces Although you might still encounter physical serial interfaces in older laptops, wireless serial interfaces can be equipped on some mobile devices for transferring data. If necessary, some cables can connect USB to serial ports for printing and other data transfer. Proprietary Vendor-Specific Ports (Communication/Power) Until recently, every smartphone and tablet used its own proprietary connection for charging and file synchronization. Older Android tablets and smartphones used various proprietary chargers. To support these, multiple-head AC or 12V DC chargers were sold, as were dedicated cables. Some vendors still utilize their own propriety ports for charging and data transfer, such as with the Apple Lightning connector for iPhones, iPads, and iPods. Connection Types: Wireless Wired connections can offer high-speed data coupled with battery charging benefits, but sometimes wires get in the way or simply are not a practical solution for device connection. Three types of wireless connections are in common use today: NFC, Bluetooth, and hotspots. NFC Near-field communication (NFC) is a feature that is included in many mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets for data transfer and shopping. When NFC is enabled and a suitable payment system (such as Apple Pay or Google Pay) is installed on a mobile device, the device can be used for payment at any retailer that supports NFC payments. NFC can also be used to automatically turn on Bluetooth and transfer files between devices (a feature sometimes referred to as “tap and go” or, on Android devices, Android Beam). It can be enabled separately from NFC for payments. Apple does not currently permit its devices with NFC to work for file transfers, except with iTunes purchasing and Apple Pay. The Apple AirDrop feature uses peer-to-peer Wi-Fi for file sharing. To set up or reset passcodes and biometrics for NFC on an iPhone, go to Settings and then Face ID & Passcode. On an Android device, go to Settings and then NFC. Use the NFC switch to enable the feature. If a confirmation dialog appears, select Yes to enable it. Bluetooth Bluetooth began as a short-range, low-speed wireless network technology primarily designed to operate in peer-to-peer (or ad hoc) mode between PCs and other devices, such as printers, projectors, smartphones, mouse devices, and keyboards. Before a Bluetooth device can work with your computer or mobile device, it must be paired with the device. By default, Bluetooth is usually disabled on Android devices but is enabled on iOS devices such as iPads and iPhones. The process of connecting a Bluetooth device to a mobile device follows: Bluetooth first needs to be enabled. This can be done on iOS devices either by swiping the screen to access the Control Center or by going into Settings, tapping on Bluetooth, and manually enabling it. On an Android device, Bluetooth can be enabled by going to Settings and then Wireless and Network Settings. After Bluetooth is enabled, the Bluetooth device needs to be synchronized to the mobile device. This is known as pairing or linking. To pair devices, the Bluetooth device needs to be set as discoverable. When the device is in a discoverable mode, it appears on the screen. Pairing a device can sometimes require a PIN code. After it is paired, the device should be listed as connected and needs to be tested to ensure that the devices are synchronized. When a smartphone enables the sharing of its Internet connection, it becomes a hotspot. Creating a hotspot enables wireless tethering, creating a small Wi-Fi network. The phone generates a default password (which the phone user can change) that other Wi-Fi devices can use to access the network and share the phone’s access to the Web. Setting up a hotspot is covered later in this guide. Accessories Mobile devices can be expensive, and users want to get the most use from a mobile device while protecting their investment. The accessories listed here are aftermarket add-ons that enhance the experience of using a mobile device. Headsets For music listening, some mobile devices feature the same 3.5mm mini-jack that is available on computers for headsets or earbuds. However, for hands-free phone use, you can pair a wireless headset with a smartphone using Bluetooth. Speakers Portable speakers use rechargeable batteries, and the USB cable on portable speakers is used only for recharging. Some low-cost speakers use a 3.5mm mini-jack speaker cable, but most use Bluetooth. By using Bluetooth, you can place the speaker in the midst of the action while keeping your smartphone or tablet out of harm’s way. Touch Pens If a tablet or phone’s screen allows it, a touch pen or a stylus can be an efficient way to write or draw graphic notes and have them converted to digital formats for editing and sharing. Touch pens also help prevent smudges that fingers leave on the device’s screen. To use a touch pen, simply touch the pen to the surface of the device’s screen; this works the same as using a finger. Webcam Webcams are built into most mobile devices that are currently available. Earlier versions focused on photography, but the importance of live images for business and school purposes has increased recently. Videoconferencing and film production have become important to consumers; manufacturers have responded by producing much higher-quality video cameras. Trackpad/Drawing Pad Trackpads and drawing pads are touch-sensitive devices that allow a user to interact with a mobile device through finger gestures or a touch pen. A track pad or drawing pad can be connected to a mobile device either wirelessly or through a wired connection. A wireless connection utilizes Bluetooth, whereas a wired connection uses a USB or similar connector. Trackpads and drawing pads can provide additional features that allow for shortcuts or multitouch capabilities, making them ideal for photo editing or drawing. Docking Station A docking station expands the capability of a portable computer by adding features such as the following: One or more expansion slots Additional I/O ports, such as Ethernet, display output ports (for HDMI or DisplayPort), Thunderbolt ports, USB ports (USB 2.0, 3.0, USB 3.1, and USB Type-C), and others Power connection for the laptop Connectors for a standard keyboard and mouse Most docking stations are produced by portable computer vendors, although some third-party products are also available. Business-class laptops that support docking stations might feature a proprietary expansion bus on the rear or bottom of the computer (see Figure). A Typical Proprietary Bus for a Docking Station on a Business-Class Laptop
However, docking stations made for tablets or thin and light laptops might connect via a high-speed bus, such as Thunderbolt or USB 3.0/3.1, or via a proprietary charging/data cable (see Figure).
Microsoft Dock for Surface Pro 3 and 4 (Top) and a Third-Party Dock for MacBook Air and Pro with Thunderbolt Ports (Bottom)
Wireless docking stations are available for mobile systems running fifth-generation or newer Intel Core vPro (business-class) processors with the Intel Tri-Band Wireless-AC 17265 adapter. Regardless of how a docking station connects to a portable computer, the user can leave desktop-type peripherals connected to the docking station and can access them quickly and easily by connecting the portable computer to the docking station. Port Replicator A port replicator is a device that allows a laptop to expand the number of ports so that additional devices can be attached. For example, a user can attach a port replicator to a USB port on a laptop and then attach other devices, such as printers, cameras, mouse devices, speakers, and so on, to the port replicator. The replicator can have DVI and HDMI ports to host additional displays. As features are added, port replicators come to resemble nonproprietary docking stations. The terms docking station and port replicator are often used interchangeably. There is a difference, however. A docking station provides proprietary connections to devices, whereas a port replicator provides industry-standard connections, such as USB and HDMI connections, that work with standard ports in any device. Configuring Basic Mobile Device Network Connectivity and Application Support 220-1101: Objective 1.4: Given a scenario, configure basic mobile device network connectivity and application support. Manufacturers are continuously developing new apps and mobile devices that further integrate technology into our daily lives. Many different types of connections, ports, and accessories are available for mobile devices. The following sections review the essential features of several of them. Wireless/Cellular Data Network Connectivity for Mobile Devices This guide has already introduced the different kinds of connection methods a device can use to send and receive data. The following sections show how to configure these settings. Enabling and Disabling 2G/3G/4G(LTE)/5G Cell providers use the term generation to describe the evolution of the wireless technology they provide to customers. First generation was the early analog cellphones, and 2G described the first digital systems developed in the 1990s. Subsequent generations have exponentially improved data rates and services, and phones were improved to take advantage of the service. It is important to note that older phones might not be able to handle updated generations of data, so a 2G phone will be useless on a 3G or 4G network. 4G, also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), is still the standard for some users today, but 5G is available in many areas and newer phones are 5G capable. Sometimes changing to a different rate is desirable, such as when troubleshooting connectivity issues or entering an area with slower service. To check or change the cell data settings on an iPhone 13, simply open the settings and type Cellular Data Options in the search area. Select Voice & Data to see the available options.
To manually arrive at this page, take the following steps: Step 1. Open the Settings menu and choose Cellular. Step 2. From the resulting menu, select Cellular Data Options. Step 3. Select Voice & Data. Step 4. Choose the preferred connection, such as 5G. To perform the same function on an Android, follow these steps: Step 1. Go to Apps and select Settings. Step 2. Select Mobile Networks. Step 3. Select Preferred Network Type / Preferred Network Mode. Step 4. Select the preferred option. Enabling/Disabling Hotspots To use the mobile hotspot feature on an Android device, follow these steps (which are based on a Samsung phone running on Android): Step 1. Enable the mobile hotspot feature in the device’s setup. Step 2. Select how you want to share the connection wirelessly. Provide the SSID and password listed to any devices that will share the connection. Step 3. If you decide to permit only allowed devices to connect, you must provide a name for each device and its MAC address. The MAC address is listed on a label attached to an external adapter. To find the MAC (physical) address for an internal network adapter, see the sidebar “Finding the Network Adapter’s MAC (Physical) Address.” Step 4. Open the Allowed Devices menu (see figure), click Add, enter the device name and address, and click OK.
Entering the MAC Address of the Device Sharing the Hotspot’s Internet Connection
Finding the Network Adapter’s MAC (Physical) Address If you cannot view the label on an external device, or if your network adapter is internal, use one of these methods to display it. On a Windows device, open a command prompt window and use the command ipconfig /all to see the MAC (physical) address for the device. With macOS 10.4 (Tiger) and newer, the address is located under the Apple menu in the upper-left corner (select System Preferences, Network, Wi-Fi, Advanced). With most Linux distributions, run the command ifconfig -a. MAC addresses can be listed in upper or lower case. The MAC address for an iOS device is called its Wi-Fi address. To see it, open Settings > About. The MAC address for an Android device is called its Wi-Fi MAC address. To see it, open Settings > About > Status. Step 5. Make the connection from your device, just as you would with any other wireless Internet router or hotspot. Enter the password when prompted. Step 6. When your devices are finished using the Internet, disable the hotspot setting in your smartphone or tablet.
Some cellular providers charge an additional fee if you turn your cellular device into a hotspot or if you use tethering. Check with your mobile service provider for details. Keep in mind that the data usage of every device connected to a mobile hotspot counts toward your total data allocation. If you’re not careful, using a mobile hotspot could cost you extra money in overages.
The same process on an iPhone is similar. To use the mobile hotspot feature on an iPhone, follow these steps: Step 1. Select Settings and then Personal Hotspot. Figure below shows an iPhone 13 Settings menu with several options pertaining to this section. (Note that the Airplane Mode and Bluetooth options shown here are addressed later in this guide.) iPhone Settings Menu
Step 2. Slide the Personal Hotspot toggle to turn it on. The menu now shows a Wi-Fi password for the hotspot. The phone generates a password by default, or the user can configure one by selecting the password menu.
Step 3. Choose the method of connection. Figure below shows the options for connecting. For the hotspot, select either Wi-Fi or Bluetooth and follow the instructions for your selection. (An option also is offered for USB, which is used for tethering, as described in the next section.) iPhone Personal Hotspot Menu
Enabling/Disabling Tethering To use USB >tethering on an Android, follow these steps: Step 1. Connect a USB cable from your computer to the data port on your device. Step 2. Select the USB tethering option on your device. Step 3. If you are connecting a Windows computer, select the network type (Home) on the computer when prompted. Step 4. Use your computer’s web browser and other network features normally. Step 5. When you are finished, disable USB tethering. In Windows Device Manager, the tethered USB connection is listed as Remote NDIS Based Internet Sharing Device in the Network Adapters category. To tether using an iPhone, see the directions in the preceding section, “Enabling/Disabling Hotspots.” GSM vs. CDMA Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) were two methods of cell communication that survived the earlier generations. They still support 2G and 3G phone connectivity. One of the biggest differences between these two systems is that GSM phones use SIM cards to link a particular phone with its network, whereas CDMA phones do not require a SIM card because the phone itself is linked to the network using a number. When setting up a phone for the first time, the seller uses the IMEI number (for IMEI networks) or the MEID identifier (for CDMA networks). Because these phones have different systems, a phone bought for Verizon (CDMA) cannot be used on an AT&T (GSM) network. GSM/CDMA issues do not apply to 4G and 5G phones, but the systems still reside on phones in case 2G and 3G connections are necessary. PRL Updates/Baseband Updates Updates to your smartphone’s Preferred Roaming List (PRL) and baseband (the portion of the smartphone that makes connections to the cellular network for phone and data) are performed automatically by mobile providers. When a smartphone or cellular-equipped tablet reports that a system update is available, PRL and baseband are two items that might be updated. Resetting the PRL can help if you are experiencing issues connecting to the cell towers. To reset the connection, go to the phone’s dialer (not the messaging app) and enter the appropriate code. For example, on an Android, type ##72786#. On an iOS device, type ##873283#. Different carriers can have different requirements for phones. Bluetooth As mentioned earlier in this guide, Bluetooth is a short-range, low-speed wireless network technology that was primarily designed to operate in peer-to-peer (or ad hoc) mode between PCs and other devices. Bluetooth runs in virtually the same 2.4GHz frequency used by IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ax wireless networks, but it uses a spread-spectrum, frequency-hopping signaling method to minimize interference. Bluetooth devices connect to each other to form a personal area network (PAN). Some systems and devices include integrated Bluetooth adapters. Others need a Bluetooth module connected to a USB port to enable Bluetooth networking. Bluetooth 4.0, also known as Bluetooth Low Energy, is designed for use with very low-power applications, such as sensors. Bluetooth 4.1, a software update to 4.0, enables Bluetooth to perform multiple roles at the same time and to work better with LTE cellular devices. Bluetooth 4.2 adds features to support the (IoT). Most Bluetooth mouse devices, keyboards, and headsets on the market today support version 4.0.
The most common Bluetooth devices (for example, portable printers, headsets, computer keyboards, and mouse devices) have a range of 10m. The Bluetooth radios that are built into mobile devices and some laptops can be used for many devices, including headsets, printers, and input devices such as mouse devices and keyboards. By default, Bluetooth is usually disabled on Android devices but is enabled on iOS devices such as iPads and iPhones. To connect a Bluetooth device to a mobile device, Bluetooth first needs to be enabled; then the Bluetooth device must be synchronized to the mobile device. This is known as pairing or linking, and it sometimes requires a PIN code. After it is synchronized, the device needs to be connected. Finally, the Bluetooth connection should be tested. The following sections show the steps involved in connecting a Bluetooth headset to a typical Android-based device and to an iOS device. Before you begin, make sure the Bluetooth headset is charged. Steps to Configure a Bluetooth Headset on an Android-Based Device Follow these steps to connect a Bluetooth headset to a typical Android-based device: Step 1. Go to Settings > Connections and then enable Bluetooth. Step 2. Tap Bluetooth to display the Bluetooth Settings screen. Step 3. Prepare the headset. (This process varies from headset to headset.) Step 4. If the Android device is not scanning automatically, tap Scan. Keep holding the button on the headset until the Android device finds it. Step 5. On the Android device, tap the device to pair with. Most Android devices pair the Bluetooth headset to the mobile device and then complete the connection automatically, allowing full use of the device. Step 6. Enter a PIN code, if prompted to do so. Many devices come with the default pin 0000. When finished, the screen on the Android device looks similar to the screen shown below. Note the Bluetooth icon at the top of the screen. This icon indicates whether Bluetooth is running on the device; it remains even if you disconnect the Bluetooth device. For this headset device, you would test it simply by making a phone call.
Bluetooth Screen on an Android Smartphone Showing the LG HBS750 Headset Connected To disconnect the device but retain the pairing, turn off the device. To unpair the device, tap the settings (gearbox) icon on the screen and tap Unpair. To use it again, pair it again. Android devices can also connect to other Bluetooth-enabled devices (forming a PAN) or to a computer equipped with a Bluetooth dongle. To create such connections, you must set the mobile device to discoverable (which generally lasts only 2 minutes). In the same way that the headset is discovered by the mobile device in the previous procedure, a mobile device can be discovered by a computer or other mobile device. Steps to Configure a Bluetooth Headset on an iOS Device Following these steps to connect a Bluetooth headset to a typical iOS device: Step 1. Go to Settings and then tap Bluetooth to display the Bluetooth screen. Step 2. Tap Bluetooth to enable it (if it isn’t enabled already). The device then searches for other devices. Step 3. Prepare the headset. (This process varies from headset to headset. For example, switching on a typical Bluetooth headset or pressing and holding the power button begins the pairing process.) The iOS device automatically recognizes the device and lists it as discoverable. Step 4. Tap the device name, and it automatically connects, as shown in >Figure below. A Connected Bluetooth Headset on an iOS Device
Step 5. Enter a PIN code, if prompted to do so. To remove the device, tap it. On the next screen, tap Forget This Device. To stop using the device but keep it paired, tap Disconnect.
Most Bluetooth devices can be connected to only one mobile device at a time. If you need to switch a Bluetooth device from one mobile device to another, be sure to disconnect it or “forget” it from the current connection before you make a new one. GPS and Cellular Location Services When people are connected to mobile devices, they manage to keep moving while staying connected to their networks and Internet. As they move their location between Wi-Fi networks and cell towers, their phones can be tracked by using the phone’s Global Positioning System (GPS), the phone’s Wi-Fi location, or the location of the cell tower providing cellular data and voice to the phone. Apps designed for your phone can use the location data your phone provides to enhance the app experience. When you are using a map for driving directions, for example, accurate navigation instructions and updated traffic information are available. Ads for local services are also available with location information. Importantly, an emergency service call can share location information with responders to send help. Sometimes a user does not want to share location information with the companies that have access to the phone, for privacy reasons or other concerns. In that case, the user can easily enable or disable location services and manage app requests to track a location.
On an iPhone 13, navigate to Location Services using the following steps: Step 1. Go to Settings and then tap Privacy to display the Privacy screen. Step 2. Tap Location Services. Services can be toggled on or off. When enabled, a list of installed apps that can take advantage of location services populates. Note that a link directly below the toggle goes into a more in-depth description of how Apple addresses the use of Location Services and Privacy.
On an Android device, the steps are similar and come with added options for the location tracking method: Step 1. From the Apps screen, select Settings. Step 2. Select Connections. Step 3. Select Location. Services can be toggled here. Step 4. Select the location method for accuracy of location. The Apps that are using location services display. Mobile Device Management (MDM) Organizations that have many mobile devices need to administer them so that all devices and users comply with the security practices in place. This is usually done with a suite of software known as >mobile device management (MDM). The MDM marketplace is competitive, and several solutions are available from companies such as VMware (AirWatch), Citrix (XenMobile), and SOTI MobiControl. These products push updates and enable an administrator to configure many mobile devices from a central location. Good MDM software secures, monitors, manages, and supports multiple different mobile devices across the enterprise. Mobile Application Management (MAM) Just as organizations need to manage their mobile devices with MDM, it is necessary to manage the applications on those devices with >mobile application management (MAM). Each mobile device has software that might need license or security updates, and MAM software enables an organization to manage software across its enterprise network. The purpose of MAM is to allow companies to control the software and data used on its devices, no matter where the users are located.
Examples of secure practices that companies and organizations can enforce with MDM and MAM are as follows: Corporate email and communications configurations Two-factor authentication (2FA) practices and other security measures. 2FA requires the user to provide two different forms of verification. Most forms of 2FA are based on something the user knows and something the user possesses, such as a password and a biometric scan or security token. One example of 2FA is using a debit card to pay for items. For the transaction to succeed, the user must be in possession of the debit card and provide the correct PIN code. Corporate applications management Mobile Device Synchronization Keeping things in sync means having the same information on your different devices. We use synchronization to bring files in line with each other and to force devices to coordinate their data. For example, when a salesperson makes a change to a sales proposal document on a laptop, it is important that the other people involved in the transaction—such as sales managers, ordering specialists, and customers—have access to the updated information when they access the document on their own devices. Synchronizing data to the cloud is how the salesperson updates the other devices. Synchronizing data from the cloud to the desktop (or another device) is how others gather the updated information. Each cloud provider carefully designs a system for synchronizing users’ data, and different kinds of data might require different levels of synchronization. Most cloud storage providers offer their customers choices in how often data is synchronized. Sometimes transfers are scheduled by time; sometimes they are triggered by events, such as a change to a document or a device coming online. Sometimes, as with Google Drive documents, several users can simultaneously access documents for group editing. It is important to be aware of data caps when considering how often data should be synchronized to and from the cloud. If data is being uploaded and downloaded constantly from the cloud, it can have a substantial impact on data usage. A mobile device can synchronize by connecting to a PC via USB (or some other serial connection) or, commonly, using cellular data, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth. Types of Data to Synchronize Synchronization is the matching of files, email, and other types of data between two computers. The types of data we synchronize are too numerous to list in one place. This section lists data types that commonly need to be synchronized. Brief examples of use are provided, although more are possible.
The types of files that can be synchronized include the following: Contacts: These come from phones or email applications. Email: The same messages then appear on all of a user’s devices. Calendar: All attendees then know the right time and place for meetings. Synchronization Methods
The main methods are used for synchronization, as briefly discussed in the preceding sections:
With cloud-based synchronization, apps on a mobile device send data to the cloud, where it is downloaded by other mobile apps, web browsers, or programs running on Windows or macOS computers. For example, Microsoft 365 allows synchronization of applications on up to five devices. Providers that enable cloud-based synchronization include the following: Dropbox Apple iCloud Microsoft OneDrive Google Drive (www.google.com) Data that is synched via cloud-based synchronization is encrypted and secured by passwords and usernames. Mutual authentication is used by each side of the connection to verify its identity to the other side. If synchronization to a cloud application is interrupted, the problem can usually be resolved by closing and relaunching the application. Commercial Mail Synchronization Email synchronization options depend on the commercial email service in use. For example, Microsoft Exchange email uses Exchange ActiveSync. When an email account is configured on a mobile device, synchronization settings are configured as part of the process and can be adjusted, disabled, or reenabled as needed. Many companies and institutions have enlisted Google to manage their mail services. The employees establish a profile within the Gmail environment, and it is synched among devices but not with other profiles, such as a personal account.
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