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A Level Biology OCR A Questions

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Overview of A Level in Biology A:

Content is split into six teaching modules:
Module 1 – Development of practical skills in biology
Module 2 – Foundations in biology
Module 3 – Exchange and transport
Module 4 – Biodiversity,evolution and disease
Module 5 – Communication,homeostasis and energy
Module 6 – Genetics,evolution and ecosystems

A Level Biology OCR A Questions

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25 Questions

1. Define proteomics.

Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmMovement from source to sink: As result of buildup of sucrose in companion cell and sieve tube element, water moves in by osmosisBuildup of turgor pressure due to rigid cell wallsWater carrying assimilates moves into tubes of sieve elementsThis reduces pressure in companion cellsWater carrying assimilates moves up/down the plant by mass flow to areas of lower hydrostatic pressure (sinks)

2. Define ectopic heartbeat.

Movement from source to sink: As result of buildup of sucrose in companion cell and sieve tube element, water moves in by osmosisBuildup of turgor pressure due to rigid cell wallsWater carrying assimilates moves into tubes of sieve elementsThis reduces pressure in companion cellsWater carrying assimilates moves up/down the plant by mass flow to areas of lower hydrostatic pressure (sinks)Value of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complement

3. Describe the value of gene banks for artificial selection in plants and animals.

Value of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementMovement from source to sink: As result of buildup of sucrose in companion cell and sieve tube element, water moves in by osmosisBuildup of turgor pressure due to rigid cell wallsWater carrying assimilates moves into tubes of sieve elementsThis reduces pressure in companion cellsWater carrying assimilates moves up/down the plant by mass flow to areas of lower hydrostatic pressure (sinks)Ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

4. Describe how water and assimilates in phloem move from source to sink.

Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementMovement from source to sink: As result of buildup of sucrose in companion cell and sieve tube element, water moves in by osmosisBuildup of turgor pressure due to rigid cell wallsWater carrying assimilates moves into tubes of sieve elementsThis reduces pressure in companion cellsWater carrying assimilates moves up/down the plant by mass flow to areas of lower hydrostatic pressure (sinks)Value of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

5. What are the 3 categories of lipids?

Types of lipids:Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols. (Glycolipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, lipid based vitamins)Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individuals

6. What happens at A2?

Anaphase 2: Chromatids of individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles after division of centromeresProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

7. Describe the diff between a triglyceride and a phospholipid.

Ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsDifferences between triglycerides and phospholipids Triglycerides contain 3 fatty acids, phospholipids contain 2 fatty acidsTriglycerides are completely non-polar whereas phospholipids have a polar head and non-polar fatty acid tailsProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complement

8. List examples of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

9. Describe how alpha and beta cells can be identified under the microscope.

Value of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsAlpha and beta cells: Usually hard to distinguishAlpha cells are larger and more numerous than beta cells within an isletProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

10. Define anatomical adaptation.

Anatomical adaptation - physical features (internal/external)Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

11. State the two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla.

Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementAdrenal medulla hormones: AdrenalineNoradrenalineEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individuals

12. Define hepatocyte.

13. Define thermoregulation.

Value of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementThermoregulation - maintenance of relatively constant core body temperature to maintain optimum enzyme activityEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

14.

Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmInsect tracheae and tracheolesValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individuals

15. Explain why staining is useful for light microscopy & how it works.

Staining Enhances contrast of the image and lets us highlight certain structuresDifferent components of cell take up stains to different degreesIncrease in contrast allows components to be visible clearlyWithout staining, it would be hard to differentiate between different structures as they usually do not have a distinct color without stainingEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complement

16. Define peritoneal dialysis.

Value of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementPeritoneal dialysis - dialysis carried out inside the body, using natural dialysis membranes formed by lining of the abdomen (peritoneum)Ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

17. Explain why production of primary metabolites in a microorganism matches the overall growth of population.

Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmPrimary metabolites and growth: They match up bc primary metabolites are produced as part of normal growth so all cells are producing themTherefore more cells means more primary metabolites

18. State how many amino acids occur in life.

Ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmNumber of amino acids in nature: 20Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individuals

19. Define organ.

20. Give 3 examples of vaccination programmes that aim to provide herd immunity.

Ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmVaccination programmes aiming to provide herd immunity: COVID-19 MeaslesPolioProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individuals

21. Describe the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.

Proteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complementAnimal cytokinesis: Cleavage furrow forms around middle of the cellPlasma membrane pulled inwards by cytoskeleton until close enoigh to fuse around middleTwo cells are formed as a resultValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythm

22. Explain why extracellular enzymes tend to be used more than intracellular in biotechnology.

Extracellular vs intracellular: Extracellular are secreted - easier to isolate and useEach microorganism produces few extracellular enzymes - easy to identify and isolate required enzyme vs hundreds of intracellularExtracellular are adapted to cope with greater variations in temp and pH because conditions outside cells are less tightly controlled than insideEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complement

23. Describe how the production of natural clones is exploited in horticulture.

Using natural clones: Splitting up bulbs, removing young plants from runners, cutting up rhizomes increase plant numbers cheaplyCuttings are also used to exploit production of natural clonesValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsEctopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complement

24. Define secondary consumer.

25. Compare NAD and FAD.

Ectopic heartbeat - extra heartbeat that is out of the normal rhythmValue of gene & seed banks: Alleles from them are used to increase genetic diversity by outbreedingThis reduces occurrence of homozygous recessive individuals and icnreases potential for species to adapt to environmental changeAlso means the seeds can be used to grow plants that have desired characteristics and then these plants can be reproduced to create offspring with desired characteristics and therefore artificially selecting these individualsFAD vs NAD: NAD takes part in all stages of respiration, FAD only accepts hydrogen in KrebsNAD accepts one hydrogen, FAD accepts twoNADH oxidised at start of electron transport chain, FADH2 oxidised further along chainNADH results in synthesis of 3 ATP, FADH2 results in 2 ATPProteomics - study and amino acid sequencing of an organism's entire protein complement

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know? Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson© 2026 Fatskills.com

All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
Privacy | Terms |

Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com