1.
A collection of cellular responses triggered by the internal presence of specific antigens; consists of humoral & cell mediated branches)

2. common proteins and carbohydrates found on the surface that are not specific to one antigen

3. present antigens to T cells

4. the virus responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), leading to a loss of immune function
-when the cause of death is written as complications related to AIDS, this indicates that the individual succumbed to infections caused by pathogens that are typically harmless to healthy individuals

5.
cell signalling proteins; includes interferons and interleukins (adaptive immune system)

6. B cells produce antibodies that target thyroid cells, and cytotoxic T cells actively kill thyroid cells.

7.
death of cells

8. Which of the following helps to prevent bacteria from entering the bloodstream?
-Capillaries
-Pancreas
-Lymph nodes
-Bone marrow

9.
-degrades bacterial cell walls and causes them to lyse, or burst
-found in saliva, tears, and mucus

10. nonpathogenic microbes that compete for resources and thus prevent pathogen occupancy

11. These attack and kill cells that contain intracellular pathogens or display abnormal surface antigens
ex: tumor cells

12. when activated, will kill a host cell that expresses a foreign antigen
-cytotoxic T cells are antigen specific, meaning that they will only kill a cell that displays the single antigen they were primed to recognize

13. the quick activation of memory cells underlies the usefulness of vaccination
-during vaccination, the immune system is challenged by a weakened pathogen and forms memory cells
-these cells will quickly activate and kill the pathogen when exposed a second time, preventing or minimizing infection and the development of symptoms

14. digest dying cells & pathogens, especially in the spleen where red blood cells die
-can also present antigens, but not as effectively as dendritic cells
-found in lymph or fixed in lymphatic tissues
-are largest, long-living phagocytes

15. include both physical barriers that block entry of pathogens and proteins that impede pathogen replication
-largest physical barrier is the skin
-skin has a acidic pH b/t 3 and 5, which discourages replication of most pathogens and is inhabited by flora

16. An individual receives an influenza vaccine and mounts a very strong immune response, evidenced by a high titer of circulating antibodies. Six weeks after the vaccination, memory B and T cells can be found in circulation. However, six months later, the individual is exposed to influenza and becomes ill. Which of the following best explains why the vaccination appears to have failed?

17.
foreign infectious agent

18. most common of the granulocytes and are responsible for phagocytosing, or eating, bacteria - are fast and abundant (part of innate immune system)

19.
a white blood cell secretion that triggers capillary permeability & vasodilation (resulting in inflammation) (innate immune system)

20. granulocytes responsible for killing parasites

21.
temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source

22. antibodies can be acquired through passive immunity through the introduction antibodies from an external source
-introduction of antibodies from an external source (breastfeeding)

23. Although B and T cells are present, antigen-presenting cells fail to activate them.

24.
-phagocytic cells that kill extracellular pathogens
-they recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-following phagocytosis, present microbial antigens to cells of the adaptive immune system leading to their activation
-also called Langerhans cells in skin

25. antibodies can be acquired by active immunity through production of plasma cells
-production of antibodies by plasma cells