1. Supplies blood to the posterior 1/3 of the inter ventricular septum, the posterior wall of both ventricles, the posteromedial papillary muscles.

2. Block the effects of the catecholamines

3. ______ are responsible for returning fat to the liver.

4. The vasoconstriction causes ________ peripheral vascular resistance.

5. __________ are given to patients with HFrEF to block the effects of catecholamines on the heart.

6. ______________ may be caused by many things, but it is an indicator of myocardial ischemia. This simply means that blood supply is decreased.

7. Stimulates both the beta 1 and alpha 1 receptors. This increases myocardial contractility and causes vasoconstriction. These physiologic changes result in an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.

8. During ________ (relaxation) the ventricles fill with blood. During __________, ventricular contraction pushes the blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and from the left ventricle into the aorta.

9. Can cause hypertension

10. Myocyte calcium transport is impaired thus leading to a _________________ and a decreased contractility.

11. Risk factors for patent ductus arteriosus?

12. Ventricular action potentials: Phase ___ results in a rapid repolarization with massive K+ efflux. The voltage gated K+ channels open and the voltage gated Ca+ channels close which causes the rapid repolarization.

13. Clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis develop when the valve is ___________ .

14. Dyspnea on exertion and fatigue - If severe there may be evidence of pulmonary edema (inspiratory crackles on auscultation, pleural effusions). Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure may develop. - Late in diastole, arterial contraction with rapid ejection of blood into the noncompliant ventricle may give ride to an S4 gallop. EKG often reveals evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and chest xray shows pulmonary congestion without cardiomegaly. There also may be evidence of underlying coronary disease, hypertension, or valvular disease.

15. Is defined as an abnormal level of lipoproteins. This results from genetics or poor diet. Genetic issues which cause ___________ result in an abnormal lipid metabolism and elevated levels. Secondary causes of ______________ include diabetes, hypothyroidism, pancreatitis, renal nephrosis, the use of thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, glucocorticoids, interferons, and antiretroviral agents. Increased levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of the development of CAD. HDLs are responsible for returning fat to the liver. Low levels are an indicator of increased coronary events.

16. _________ interacts with _____________ which causes tropomyosin to move thus allowing actin and myosin to work together to cause contraction.

17. Potassium, calcium and magnesium are lost from the cells. Myocardial cells deprived of nutrients lose ______________ and result in a ____________ contraction.

18. Supplies blood to the anterior 2/3rd of the inter ventricular septum, anterior papillary muscles, and the anterior surface of the left ventricle.

19. Low levels are an indicator of increased coronary events.

20. The ______ ventricle is larger than the _______ because its workload is greater.

21. Occluded coronary blood flow for greater than 20 minutes and results in myocardial necrosis in the myocardium directly below the endocardium. It does not involve the full thickness of the ventricular wall.

22. The heart is divided into four chambers, two ______ and two ______.

23. The ___________ the amount of intracellular calcium, the _________ the degree of tension and the __________ the contraction. The reverse is true.

24. Characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve.

25. Fetal circulation: The deoxygenated blood also enters the ______ atrium just as the oxygenated blood does. There are two streams that help to keep the blood separate.